📚 Y13 CAIE Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Memory Guide | Year 13 CAIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering A2 Biology requires not only understanding concepts but also command of precise terminology. This guide breaks down high-frequency CAIE Year 13 terms into memorable chunks – using roots, associations, and clever mnemonics – so you can recall them confidently under exam pressure.
掌握 A2 生物不仅需要理解概念，还要能准确使用术语。本指南将 CAIE Year 13 高频词汇拆解成易记的模块——运用词根、联想和巧妙的助记符——帮助你在考试压力下自信地回忆。
1. Energy & Respiration | 能量与呼吸关键术语
Glycolysis – 'glyco-' = sugar, '-lysis' two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm. Key: substrate-level phosphorylation occurs here.
糖酵解—— “glyco-” 意为糖，“-lysis” 意为裂解。想象葡萄糖被劈成两半。在细胞质中葡萄糖分子被一把“斧头”劈成两个丙酮酸分子。关键：此处发生底物水平磷酸化。
Krebs cycle – named after Hans Krebs, but remember it as a 'merry-go-round' of organic acids in the mitochondrial matrix. Each turn produces reduced NAD and FAD, and releases CO₂. Acetyl CoA (2C) enters, oxaloacetate (4C) is regenerated.
克雷布斯循环——以汉斯·克雷布斯命名，但可记为线粒体基质中有机酸的“旋转木马”。每一圈产生还原型 NAD 和 FAD，并释放 CO₂。乙酰辅酶 A (2C) 进入，草酰乙酸 (4C) 再生。
Chemiosmosis – 'chemi-' chemical, 'osmosis' pushing. H⁺ ions are pumped into the intermembrane space, then flow back through ATP synthase, driving ATP synthesis. Visualise a dam: water (H⁺) builds up, then rushes through turbines (ATP synthase) to generate power.
化学渗透——“chemi-”化学，“osmosis”渗透推动。H⁺ 离子被泵入膜间隙，随后通过 ATP 合酶回流，驱动 ATP 合成。想象一座水坝：水 (H⁺) 蓄积，然后冲过涡轮机 (ATP 合酶) 发电。
Oxidative phosphorylation – the coupling of electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. 'Oxidative' because NADH/FADH₂ are oxidised, 'phosphorylation' because ADP is phosphorylated. Remember: the ETC passes electrons like a bucket brigade, ultimately reducing O₂ to H₂O.
氧化磷酸化——电子传递链与化学渗透的耦联。“氧化”因为 NADH/FADH₂ 被氧化，“磷酸化”因为 ADP 被磷酸化。记住：ETC 像传递水桶的队列一样传递电子，最终将 O₂ 还原为 H₂O。
2. Photosynthesis | 光合作用术语
Light-dependent reactions – Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP, NADPH, and O₂. Cyclic only makes ATP. Think: 'non-cyclic = full package', 'cyclic = ATP only loop'.
光依赖反应——发生在类囊体膜上。两个光系统（PSII 和 PSI）串联工作。非循环光合磷酸化产生 ATP、NADPH 和 O₂。循环式只产生 ATP。记住：“非循环 = 全套服务”，“循环 = 仅 ATP 回路”。
Calvin cycle – the light-independent reactions in the stroma. CO₂ fixation by RuBisCO, reduction of GP to TP using ATP and NADPH, regeneration of RuBP. Mnemonic: 'Can't Fix Carbon? Rubisco Grabs it, ATP Reduces, RuBP Returns.'
卡尔文循环——发生在基质中的光不依赖反应。RuBisCO 固定 CO₂，利用 ATP 和 NADPH 将 GP 还原为 TP，再生 RuBP。口诀：“碳难固定？Rubisco 抓，ATP 助还原，RuBP 再循环。”
Photorespiration – wasteful process when RuBisCO fixes O₂ instead of CO₂, leading to loss of fixed carbon. Occurs under high O₂/low CO₂. C4 and CAM plants avoid it by spatial or temporal separation of initial fixation.
光呼吸——当 RuBisCO 固定 O₂ 而非 CO₂ 时的浪费过程，导致固定碳的损失。发生在高 O₂/低 CO₂ 条件下。C4 和 CAM 植物通过空间或时间上的分离初次固定来避免。
Limiting factors – light intensity, CO₂ concentration, temperature. Use the mnemonic 'LCT' and think of them as brakes on photosynthesis rate. At low light, no matter how much CO₂ you pump, rate won't rise.
限制因子——光照强度、CO₂ 浓度、温度。用“LCT”记忆，把它们想象成光合速率的刹车。在弱光下，无论泵入多少 CO₂，速率都不会升高。
3. Homeostasis & Excretion | 稳态与排泄术语
Ultrafiltration – in the Bowman's capsule, high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules (water, urea, glucose, ions) out of glomerular capillaries into the nephron. The basement membrane acts as a filter. Imagine a sieve under a powerful tap.
超滤——在鲍曼氏囊中，高静水压将小分子（水、尿素、葡萄糖、离子）从肾小球毛细血管压出进入肾单位。基膜充当滤网。想象强力水龙头下的筛子。
Selective reabsorption – occurs mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule. Glucose, amino acids, and most ions are reabsorbed by active transport and facilitated diffusion. Think: 'selectively keeping the good stuff'.
选择性重吸收——主要发生在近曲小管。葡萄糖、氨基酸和大部分离子通过主动转运和易化扩散被重吸收。记忆：“有选择地留下好东西”。
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) – increases water permeability of collecting duct walls by inserting aquaporins. 'Anti-diuretic' hen dehydrated, ADH rises, urine becomes concentrated. Easy link: ADH = Avoid DeHydration.
ADH (抗利尿激素)——通过插入水通道蛋白增加集合管壁对水的通透性。“抗利尿” = 对抗水分流失。脱水时 ADH 升高，尿液浓缩。简单联想：ADH = Avoid DeHydration（避免脱水）。
4. Nervous Coordination | 神经协调术语
Resting potential – around -70 mV, maintained by Na⁺/K⁺ pump (3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in) and leak channels for K⁺. Interior is negative relative to outside. Remember: 'Pump out positive to stay negative'.
静息电位——约 -70 mV，由 Na⁺/K⁺ 泵（泵出 3 个 Na⁺，泵入 2 个 K⁺）和 K⁺ 漏通道维持。膜内相对膜外为负。口诀：“泵出正离子，保持负电位”。
Action potential – open, Na⁺ rushes in), repolarisation (K⁺ channels open, K⁺ rushes out), hyperpolarisation. 'Na⁺ In = Rising phase; K⁺ Out = Falling phase.' All-or-nothing law.
动作电位——去极化（Na⁺ 通道开放，Na⁺ 涌入），复极化（K⁺ 通道开放，K⁺ 流出），超极化。“钠进上升支，钾出下降支。”全或无定律。
Synapse – junction between neurones. Ca²⁺ influx triggers vesicles to release neurotransmitter into cleft. Neurotransmitter binds receptors, opening ligand-gated Na⁺ channels. EPSPs and IPSPs summate. Mnemonic: 'Calcium Comes, Vesicles Vanish, Neurotransmitter Navigates.'
突触——神经元间的连接点。Ca²⁺ 内流触发囊泡释放神经递质到间隙。神经递质与受体结合，打开配体门控 Na⁺ 通道。EPSP 和 IPSP 发生总和。口诀：“钙离子来，囊泡走，递质导航过隙口。”
5. Hormonal Coordination | 激素协调术语
Negative feedback – se regulation. Like a thermostat: temperature drops → heater on → temp rises → heater off.
负反馈——一个变化引发抵消该变化的反应。体温调节、血糖调节。像恒温器：温度下降 → 加热器开启 → 温度上升 → 加热器关闭。
Insulin & Glucagon – insulin (beta cells) lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and glycogen synthesis; glucagon (alpha cells) raises it by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Think: 'INsulin moves glucose INto cells; GlucaGON makes glucose GONE from stores.'
胰岛素与胰高血糖素——胰岛素（β 细胞）通过促进摄取和糖原合成降低血糖；胰高血糖素（α 细胞）通过糖原分解和糖异生升高血糖。联想：“INsulin 把葡萄糖搬 IN（进）细胞；GlucaGON 让葡萄糖从储存中 GONe（释放）。”
Second messenger model – G-protein activates adenylyl cyclase → ATP → cAMP → protein kinase A cascade. cAMP is the 'second messenger' omino relay: hormone (first messenger) knocks the first domino, cAMP amplifies the signal.
第二信使模型——肾上腺素和胰高血糖素结合受体 → G蛋白激活腺苷酸环化酶 → ATP → cAMP → 蛋白激酶 A 级联。cAMP 是“第二信使”。想象多米诺骨牌接力：激素（第一信使）推倒第一张牌，cAMP 放大信号。
6. Inheritance & Genetic Control | 遗传与基因调控术语
Transcription & Translation – DNA → mRNA (in nucleus, RNA polymerase), mRNA → polypeptide (ribosome, tRNA). Mnemonic: 'Transcribe the script in the office, translate it into action in the factory.' Promoter, operator, structural genes in lac operon.
转录与翻译——DNA → mRNA（细胞核内，RNA 聚合酶），mRNA → 多肽（核糖体，tRNA）。口诀：“先在办公室抄录脚本，再到工厂转化为行动。”乳糖操纵子的启动子、操纵基因和结构基因。
Epigenetics – . Methylation of DNA (silences genes), acetylation of histones (loosens chromatin). Think: 'Epi-' = above genetics, like sticky notes on genes.
表观遗传学——不改变 DNA 序列的可遗传基因功能变化。DNA 甲基化（沉默基因），组蛋白乙酰化（疏松染色质）。联想：“Epi-”意为在遗传之上，就像基因上的便利贴。
siRNA (small interfering RNA) – double-stranded RNA cut by dicer, binds RISC, guides degradation of complementary mRNA. Key in gene silencing. 'siRNA silences'.
siRNA（小于扰 RNA）——双链 RNA 被 Dicer 酶切割，与 RISC 结合，引导互补 mRNA 降解。基因沉默的关键。“siRNA 就是说‘安静’的 RNA”。
7. Selection & Evolution | 选择与进化术语
Stabilising, directional, disruptive selection – stabilising favours the mean (e.g., human birth weight), directional shifts the mean (e.g., antibiotic resistance), disruptive favours both extremes (e.g., black/white moths in patchy environment). Draw bell curves shifting.
稳定化选择、定向选择、分裂选择——稳定化选择偏好平均值（如人类出生体重），定向选择使平均值偏移（如抗生素抗性），分裂选择偏好两个极端（如斑块环境中的黑白蛾）。画出钟形曲线的移动。
Hardy-Weinberg principle – o mutation, no migration, large population, random mating, no selection. Any deviation indicates evolution. 'Hardy-Weinberg holds only in a Hardy-world (ideal).'
哈迪-温伯格定律——p² + 2pq + q² = 1，p + q = 1。假设：无突变、无迁移、大种群、随机交配、无选择。任何偏离都表明进化。“哈迪-温伯格定律只在理想世界成立。”
Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation – productive isolation; sympatric = same area but behavioural/mechanical/temporal isolation. 'Allo-' = other/place, 'sym-' = together.
异域物种形成与同域物种形成——异域 = 地理屏障 → 生殖隔离；同域 = 同一区域但行为/机械/时间隔离。“Allo-”意为别处，“Sym-”意为一起。
8. Biodiversity & Conservation | 生物多样性与保护术语
Species richness vs Species evenness – ness = number of different species; evenness = relative abundance of each species. Simpson's index (D) accounts for both. High D = high diversity. 'Richness counts, evenness balances.'
物种丰富度与物种均匀度——丰富度 = 不同物种的数量；均匀度 = 每个物种的相对多度。辛普森指数 (D) 兼顾两者。D 值高 = 多样性高。“丰富度计数，均匀度均衡。”
Endemism – location (e.g., lemurs in Madagascar). High endemism often signals conservation priority. 'Endemic = in-dem-ic (in a specific domain).'
特有现象——某一特定地理区域独有的物种（如马达加斯加的狐猴）。高特有性常意味着保护优先。“Endemic = 在特定领域内。”
Ex situ vs In situ conservation – (seed banks, zoos, captive breeding); in situ = on-site (national parks, protected areas). 'Ex' = exit, 'in' = within.
迁地保护与就地保护——迁地保护 = 场外（种子库、动物园、人工繁殖）；就地保护 = 场内（国家公园、保护区）。“Ex” 意为出去，“In” 意为在里面。
9. Gene Technology | 基因技术术语
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) – denaturation (95°C), annealing (55°C), extension (72°C) by Taq polymerase. Amplifies DNA exponentially: 2ⁿ copies after n cycles. 'Polymerase Copies Rapidly.'
PCR（聚合酶链式反应）——变性 (95°C)、退火 (55°C)、延伸 (72°C) 由 Taq 聚合酶完成。DNA 呈指数扩增：n 个循环后 2ⁿ 个拷贝。“聚合酶快速复制。”
Gel electrophoresis – separates DNA/RNA/proteins by size. Smaller fragments travel faster through the gel matrix toward positive electrode (DNA is negative). 'Gel runs: Small, Fast; Big, Slow.'
凝胶电泳——按大小分离 DNA/RNA/蛋白质。较小片段通过凝胶基质移向正电极更快（DNA 带负电）。“凝胶跑：小的快，大的慢。”
Genetic modification – involves restriction enzymes (cut specific palindromic sequences), DNA ligase (seals sticky ends), vectors (plasmids). Use mnemonics: 'Restriction cuts, Ligase glues, Vector delivers.'
遗传修饰——涉及限制酶（切割特定回文序列）、DNA 连接酶（密封粘性末端）、载体（质粒）。口诀：“限制酶切，连接酶粘，载体递送。”
CRISPR-Cas9 – guide RNA directs Cas9 nuclease to specific DNA sequence, creating double-strand break. Cell's repair mechanism introduces mutations or allows gene insertion. 'CRISPR snips precisely.'
CRISPR-Cas9——向导 RNA 引导 Cas9 核酸酶至特定 DNA 序列，产生双链断裂。细胞修复机制引入突变或允许基因插入。“CRISPR 精确剪裁。”
10. Ecology & Energy Transfer | 生态与能量传递术语
Gross Primary Production (GPP) & Net Primary Production (NPP) – nthesis; NPP = GPP - plant respiration (R). NPP is energy available to next trophic level. 'Gross is total, Net is what you get.'
总初级生产力 (GPP) 与净初级生产力 (NPP)——GPP = 光合作用固定的总能量；NPP = GPP - 植物呼吸作用 (R)。NPP 是可供下一营养级利用的能量。“总值是全部，净值是所得。”
Succession – → climax community). Secondary succession after disturbance (soil already present). Think: 'Primary pioneers on pristine rock; Secondary soil already stocked.'
演替——初级演替始于裸露岩石（先锋物种如地衣 → 土壤形成 → 灌木 → 顶极群落）。次级演替发生在干扰后（土壤已存在）。口诀：“初级演替先锋拓荒岩；次级演替土壤已储备。”
Nitrogen cycle – ication (NH₄⁺ → NO₂⁻ → NO₃⁻ by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter), denitrification (NO₃⁻ → N₂). 'Fixers convert air to ammonia, nitrifiers make it usable, denitrifiers return it.'
氮循环——固氮作用 (N₂ → NH₄⁺ 由根瘤菌/固氮菌)，硝化作用 (NH₄⁺ → NO₂⁻ → NO₃⁻ 由亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌)，反硝化作用 (NO₃⁻ → N₂)。“固氮菌变空气为氨，硝化菌使其可用，反硝化菌归还大气。”
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