📚 Year 12 CAIE Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CAIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terminology is the first step toward acing your CAIE AS Science exams. Without a solid grasp of the core vocabulary in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, even the simplest data-analysis question can become a trap. This guide breaks down high-frequency terms by topic, pairing each with a mnemonic or root‑word trick to speed up memorisation. It is designed for learners who need to switch between English and Chinese definitions smoothly — exactly what bilingual CAIE candidates do every day.
掌握科学术语是攻克 CAIE AS 科学考试的第一步。如果对物理、化学、生物中的核心词汇没有扎实的理解，哪怕最简单的数据分析题也可能变成陷阱。这份指南按照主题拆解高频术语，并为每一个术语配上了记忆术或词根技巧来加速记忆。它是为需要在中英文定义之间自如切换的学习者设计的——这正是双语 CAIE 考生每天都在做的事情。
1. Scientific Method – Validity, Reliability & Accuracy | 科学方法——有效性、可靠性与准确度
The terms validity, reliability and accuracy are often confused. Validity is about whether an experiment actually measures what it claims to measure. A measurement can be reliable but not valid. Reliability means repeated measurements give consistent results; it is improved by repeating readings and calculating a mean. Accuracy describes closeness to the true value. Use the acronym VRA (Validity – does the method measure the right thing? Reliability – are repeats close? Accuracy – am I near the true value?) Study tip: a valid experiment includes a fair test, control variables and appropriate range of the independent variable.
术语有效性、可靠性和准确度经常被混淆。有效性关注的是实验是否真正测量了它声称要测量的东西。一个测量可以可靠却无效。可靠性意味着重复测量得到一致的结果；通过重复读数并计算平均值可以提高可靠性。准确度描述的是与真值的接近程度。使用首字母缩略词 VRA（Validity – 方法是否测量正确的东西？Reliability – 重复测量是否接近？Accuracy – 我离真值有多近？）记忆。学习提示：有效的实验包含公平测试、控制变量以及自变量的适当范围。
2. Physical Quantities – Scalar vs. Vector & SI Base Units | 物理量——标量与矢量及国际单位制基本单位
A scalar quantity has only magnitude (size), such as mass, temperature, distance, speed and energy. A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force and momentum. Trick: 'SCALAR is just SCALE; VECTOR has an arrow'. A vector can be represented by an arrow where length ∝ Many compound unit errors can be avoided by practising unit conversion: 1 N = 1 kg m s⁻².
标量只有大小，如质量、温度、距离、速率和能量。矢量既有大小又有方向：位移、速度、加速度、力和动量。窍门：“SCALAR 就是量尺上的刻度；VECTOR 带着箭头”。矢量可以用箭头表示，其长度与大小成正比。记住七个国际单位制基本单位：m, kg, s, A, K, mol, cd。许多复合单位的错误可以通过练习单位换算来避免：1 N = 1 kg m s⁻²。
3. Mechanics Key Terms – Newton’s Laws & Equilibrium | 力学关键术语——牛顿定律与平衡
Newton's First Law: an object remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless a resultant force acts on it. This is the principle of inertia. Newton's Second Law: F = ma (resultant force = mass × acceleration). Newton's Third Law: if body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal but opposite force on body A. Equilibrium means the resultant force and resultant moment are both zero. Mnemonic: 'One = inertia, Two = F=ma, Three = action‑reaction'. Students often forget that action and reaction act on different bodies.
牛顿第一定律：物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非有合力作用于它。这就是惯性原理。牛顿第二定律：F = ma（合力 = 质量 × 加速度）。牛顿第三定律：若物体 A 对物体 B 施加力，则物体 B 对物体 A 施加等大反向的力。平衡意味着合力和合力矩均为零。记忆口诀：“一定律是惯性，二定律 F=ma，三定律作用反作用”。学生常常忘记作用力和反作用力作用在不同的物体上。
4. Waves – Transverse, Longitudinal, Interference | 波动——横波、纵波与干涉
Transverse waves have oscillations perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer (e.g. light, water waves). Longitudinal waves have oscillations parallel to energy transfer (e.g. sound). Key descriptors: amplitude (maximum displacement from equilibrium), wavelength (λ), frequency (f) and wave speed (v = fλ). Superposition occurs when two waves overlap; the resultant displacement is the algebraic sum. Interference terms: constructive (in phase) and destructive (out of phase). Coherence: same frequency and constant phase difference. Think 'Co‑hear‑ence – they hear the same beat' for constant phase.
横波的振动方向垂直于能量传递方向（如光、水波）。纵波的振动方向平行于能量传递方向（如声音）。关键描述量：振幅（离开平衡位置的最大位移）、波长（λ）、频率（f）和波速（v = fλ）。叠加发生在两个波重叠时；合位移是代数和。干涉术语：相长干涉（同相）和相消干涉（反相）。相干性：频率相同且相位差恒定。记忆：相干性就像“相干的节拍”始终同步。
5. Electricity – Current, PD, Resistance & Circuits | 电学——电流、电势差、电阻与电路
Current (I) is the rate of flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). Potential difference (V) is work done per unit charge. Resistance (R = V/I) is measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm’s law applies for ohmic conductors at constant temperature. EMF (ε) is the work done per unit charge by a source in moving charge around a complete circuit. Internal resistance (r) leads to lost volts, so terminal pd = ε − Ir. Remember the word 'Virtuous Pigs Dig Earth' for V = IR, P = IV, E = QV? Silly mnemonics make dry formulae stick.
电流 (I) 是电荷流动速率，单位安培 (A)。电势差 (V) 是每单位电荷做功。电阻 (R = V/I) 单位欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律适用于恒温下的欧姆导体。电动势 (ε) 是电源在完整回路中驱动单位电荷所做的功。内阻 (r) 导致路端电压损失，故路端电压 = ε − Ir。可以用"VIR 三兄弟"记住 V=IR，P=IV，E=QV。即兴的联想记忆法能让枯燥的公式印在脑子里。
6. Atomic Structure – Orbitals, Ionisation Energy | 原子结构——轨道与电离能
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons. Mass number (A) = protons + neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers. An orbital is a region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spins. The order of filling: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d. Use 'sub shell shapes': s‑spherical, p‑dumbbell. First ionisation energy s period: increase due to greater nuclear charge; down group: decrease due to increased shielding and distance.
原子序数 (Z) = 质子数。质量数 (A) = 质子数 + 中子数。同位素是同种元素中子数不同的原子。轨道是原子核周围最多容纳两个自旋相反电子的区域。填充顺序：1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d。记住"亚层形状"：s 球形，p 哑铃形。第一电离能是气态原子失去一摩尔电子成为一摩尔气态一价正离子所需的能量：X(g) → X⁺(g) + e⁻。周期内变化趋势：核电荷增大，电离能增大；族内变化趋势：屏蔽效应和距离增加，电离能减小。
7. Chemical Bonding – Ionic, Covalent, Metallic | 化学键——离子键、共价键、金属键
Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically metal + non‑metal. Giant ionic structures have high melting points, conduct when molten/aqueous. Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron pairs. Simple molecular substances have low melting points; giant covalent (e.g. diamond, SiO₂) are very hard. Metallic bonding is the attraction between metal cations and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. Key phrases: electronegativity – to attract bonding electrons. Bond polarity arises from electronegativity difference. Use '∆EN >1.7 → ionic; 0.4–1.7 → polar covalent; <0.4 → non‑polar covalent'. Mnemonic: 'IONS stay together because of electro‑static love'.
离子键是带相反电荷离子间的静电吸引力，通常存在于金属与非金属之间。巨型离子结构具有高熔点，熔融或溶于水时导电。共价键是电子对的共享。简单分子物质熔点低；巨型共价结构（如金刚石、SiO₂）非常坚硬。金属键是金属阳离子与“电子海”中离域电子之间的吸引力。关键术语：电负性——原子吸引键合电子的能力。键的极性源于电负性差异。判断规则：∆EN >1.7 → 离子键；0.4–1.7 → 极性共价键；<0.4 → 非极性共价键。记忆：“离子靠静电相爱而在一起”。
8. Stoichiometry – Mole, Empirical Formula, Yield | 化学计量——摩尔、经验式与产率
A mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ entities (Avogadro constant). Molar mass (Mᵣ) in g mol⁻¹ is numerically equal to relative formula mass. Empirical formula is the simplest whole‑number ratio of atoms in a compound; molecular formula is the actual number of atoms. Limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely consumed and determines the amount of product. Percentage yield = (actual mass / theoretical mass) × 100%. Atom economy = (molar mass of desired product / sum of molar masses of all products) × 100%. The 'mole tunnel' ass → moles → moles of target → mass, multiplying/dividing by molar mass and molar ratios.
一摩尔包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个实体（阿伏伽德罗常数）。摩尔质量 (Mᵣ) 的单位 g mol⁻¹ 在数值上等于相对式量。经验式是化合物中各原子最简整数比；分子式是原子的实际数目。限量试剂是被完全消耗并决定产物量的反应物。产率百分数 =（实际质量 / 理论质量）× 100%。原子经济性 =（目标产物的摩尔质量 / 所有产物摩尔质量之和）× 100%。“摩尔隧道”图像：将质量转换为摩尔 → 目标物质的摩尔 → 质量，沿途乘以/除以摩尔质量和摩尔比。
9. Organic Chemistry Basics – Homologous Series, Functional Groups | 有机化学基础——同系物与官能团
A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same general formula, functional group and a trend in physical properties. Members differ by −CH₂−. Functional group H), aldehyde (−CHO), ketone (C=O between carbons), carboxylic acid (−COOH), ester (−COO−). Structural isomerism: same molecular formula, different structural formula. Free‑radical substitution (alkanes + halogen, UV) vs electrophilic addition (alkene + HX or Br₂). Picture functional groups as 'handles' that determine reactivity.
同系物是一类具有相同通式、相同官能团以及物理性质递变规律的有机化合物。成员之间相差 −CH₂−。 官能团是决定特征反应的原子或原子团。AS 阶段需掌握：烯烃 (C=C)、卤代烷 (−X)、醇 (−OH)、醛 (−CHO)、酮 (碳间 C=O)、羧酸 (−COOH)、酯 (−COO−)。 结构异构：分子式相同，结构式不同。自由基取代（烷烃 + 卤素，紫外光）与亲电加成（烯烃 + HX 或 Br₂）。把官能团想象成决定反应性的“手柄”。
10. Cells & Membranes – Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport | 细胞与膜——扩散、渗透与主动运输
The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. It is partially permeable. Diffusion is net movement of particles from high to low concentration, passive. Osmosis is net movement of water from a region of higher water potential (less negative ψ) to lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane. Active transport requires carrier proteins and energy (ATP) to move substances against a concentration gradient. Endocytosis (engulfing) and exocytosis (secretion) are bulk transport. Memory aid: 'Osmosis = water only, passive; Active = uses energy to push uphill'.
细胞膜是镶嵌有蛋白质的磷脂双分子层。它具有选择透过性。扩散是粒子从高浓度区域到低浓度区域的净移动，属于被动过程。渗透是水从水势较高的区域（负值较小）经过部分透性膜向水势较低区域的净移动。主动运输需要载体蛋白和能量 (ATP) 来逆浓度梯度运输物质。胞吞（吞入）和胞吐（分泌）属于批量运输。记忆口诀：“渗透只运水，被动不耗能；主动逆坡走，ATP 来拉动”。
11. Biological Molecules – Monomers, Polymers & Tests | 生物分子——单体、聚合物与检测
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose) are monomers; disaccharides (maltose, sucrose) and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose) are polymers. Glycosidic bonds form via condensation. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Lipids are esters of fatty acids and glycerol (triglycerides). Tests: Benedict’s test for reducing sugars (blue → brick‑red precipitate on heating); Biuret test for proteins (pale blue → purple); iodine test for starch (yellow‑brown → blue‑black); emulsion test for lipids (cloudy white). The word 'Biuret' can be remembered as 'Bi‑u‑ret? It turns Purple – think Purple Ret!'.
碳水化合物：单糖（如葡萄糖、果糖）是单体；二糖（麦芽糖、蔗糖）和多糖（淀粉、糖原、纤维素）是聚合物。糖苷键通过缩合反应形成。蛋白质是由氨基酸通过肽键连接而成的聚合物。脂质是脂肪酸与甘油的酯（甘油三酯）。检测方法：本尼迪克特试剂检测还原糖（加热后蓝色 → 砖红色沉淀）；双缩脲试剂检测蛋白质（浅蓝色 → 紫色）；碘液检测淀粉（黄褐色 → 蓝黑色）；乳化法检测脂质（浑浊白色）。“Biuret” 可以联想为 “Bi‑u‑ret? 它变紫——想想紫色蕾特（Ret）！”。
12. Ecology – Populations, Niches & Succession | 生态学——种群、生态位与演替
A population is all organisms of one species living in the same area at the same time. Community is all populations of different species in an area. Ecosystem is community + abiotic environment. Niche is the role of an organism, encompassing habitat, feeding relationships and interactions. A transect (line or belt) is used to sample distribution; quadrat for abundance. Succession is the change in community composition over time, starting with pioneer species and ending in a climax community. Key population growth patterns: exponential (unrestricted) vs logistic (carrying capacity K). Mnemonic: 'Niche = job, Habitat = address'.
种群是同一时间生活在同一区域的所有同种生物个体。群落是一个区域内所有不同物种种群的集合。生态系统 = 群落 + 非生物环境。生态位是生物体的角色，包括栖息地、摄食关系和相互作用。样带（线状或带状）用于调查分布；样方用于调查多度。演替是群落组成随时间的变化，从先锋物种开始，最终达到顶极群落。关键种群增长模式：指数增长（不受限制）和逻辑斯谛增长（承载量 K）。记忆口诀：“生态位是职业，栖息地是地址”。
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