📚 Year 12 CAIE Physics: Quick Memorisation Guide for Vocabulary and Terminology | CAIE 12年级物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary of physics is half the battle in AS examinations. This guide walks you through the high-frequency terms of every major topic on the CAIE Year 12 syllabus, supplying a clear definition and a memory hack for each one. Use these pairings to embed the language of physics so deeply that you can recall it in any exam situation.
掌握物理学的精确词汇，是攻克AS考试的一半关键。本指南带你遍历CAIE 12年级考纲各主要章节的高频术语，每个术语都配有清晰的定义和一条记忆窍门。利用这些中英对照，把物理的语言刻进大脑，让你在考场上随时提取。
1. Physical Quantities and Units | 物理量与单位
A scalar has magnitude only – think of the word ‘scale’; a weighing scale shows you a number but not a direction. Common scalars are mass, time, energy and temperature.
标量只有大小，没有方向——联想‘秤’这个词，秤只显示一个数字，不指示方向。常见的标量有质量、时间、能量和温度。
A vector carries both magnitude and direction. Picture an arrow: its length tells you the size, and the arrowhead points the way. Displacement, velocity, acceleration and force are all vectors.
矢量既有大小又有方向。想象一支箭：长度代表大小，箭头指向代表方向。位移、速度、加速度和力都是矢量。
SI base quantities are the seven building blocks: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), electric current (A), temperature (K), amount of substance (mol) and luminous intensity (cd). All other units are derived from these.
国际基本量是七个基石：质量(kg)、长度(m)、时间(s)、电流(A)、温度(K)、物质的量(mol)和发光强度(cd)。所有其他单位都由它们导出。
SI prefixes scale a unit up or down. A handy chain from largest to smallest: T (tera, 1012), G (giga, 109), M (mega, 106), k (kilo, 103), d (deci, 10−1), c (centi, 10−2), m (milli, 10−3), μ (micro, 10−6), n (nano, 10−9), p (pico, 10−12). Remember the ascending English phrase ‘Tera, Giga, Mega, kilo are big; deci, centi, milli small, then micro, nano, pico tiny.’
SI前缀用来放大或缩小单位。从大到小一条链：太(T, 1012)、吉(G, 109)、兆(M, 106)、千(k, 103)、分(d, 10−1)、厘(c, 10−2)、毫(m, 10−3)、微(μ, 10−6)、纳(n, 10−9)、皮(p, 10−12)。记忆口诀：‘太吉兆千大单位，分厘毫微微纳皮’。
2. Kinematics | 运动学
Displacement (s) is the shortest straight-line distance from start to finish in a stated direction. It differs from distance, which is a scalar that merely adds the whole path travelled.
位移(s)是从起点到终点沿直线带方向的最短距离。它与路程不同，路程是标量，只把经过的路径全长加起来。
Velocity (v) is the rate of change of displacement: v = Δs/Δt. Speed, by contrast, is the rate of change of distance, with no direction.
速度(v)是位移的变化率：v = Δs/Δt。而速率是路程的变化率，没有方向。
Acceleration (a) v/Δt. An object can have a negative acceleration (deceleration) when its velocity magnitude drops, but in physics we call this acceleration in the opposite direction.
加速度(a)是速度的变化率：a = Δv/Δt。当速度大小减小时物体可以有负加速度（减速），但在物理学中我们称之为反方向的加速度。
The SUVAT equations v = final velocity, a = acceleration, s = displacement, t = time. The four equations are: v = u + at; s = ut + ½at2; v2 = u2 + 2as; s = (u+v)t/2. Memorise them as ‘five letters, four equations, one missing per equation’.
匀加速方程(SUVAT)适用于加速度恒定的情况。设u为初速度，v为末速度，a为加速度，s为位移，t为时间。四个方程为： v = u + at；s = ut + ½at2；v2 = u2 + 2as；s = (u+v)t/2。 记忆窍门：‘五个字母，四个方程，每个方程缺一个’。
Graph skills: the gradient of a displacement–time graph gives velocity; the gradient of a velocity–time graph gives acceleration; the area under a velocity–time graph equals displacement.
图像技巧：位移–时间图斜率给出速度；速度–时间图斜率给出加速度；速度–时间图下方面积等于位移。
3. Dynamics and Forces | 动力学与力
Newton's First Law: an object remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless a resultant force acts on it. This property is called inertia.
牛顿第一定律：除非受到合外力，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。这种性质叫做惯性。
Newton's Second Law nt force = mass × acceleration, F = ma. In symbols, a greater mass is harder to accelerate – it has more inertia.
牛顿第二定律：合外力 = 质量 × 加速度，F = ma。质量越大越难加速——它的惯性更大。
Newton's Third Law: when body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal and opposite force on body A. The two forces act on different objects, so they never cancel each other out of a single body’s free-body diagram.
牛顿第三定律：当A物体对B物体施加一个力时，B物体同时对A施加一个大小相等、方向相反的力。这两个力作用在不同物体上，因此在单个受力分析图上它们绝不抵消。
Weight eld strength. Mass is measured in kg and is a scalar; weight is a force measured in newtons.
重力是质量所受的引力：W = mg，g是引力场强度。质量以kg为单位，是标量；重力是力，以牛顿为单位。
Momentum (p) = mass × velocity, p = mv. Momentum is a vector. Impulse , Ft = Δp. In collisions, total momentum is conserved if no external resultant force acts.
动量(p) = 质量 × 速度，p = mv。动量是矢量。冲量 = 动量的变化，也等于力×力作用的时间，Ft = Δp。在碰撞中如果无外合力，总动量守恒。
4. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率
Work done (W) θ is the angle between the force and the displacement. If the force is perpendicular to the motion, no work is done. Work is measured in joules (J).
恒力所做的功(W) = F × d × cosθ，θ是力与位移的夹角。如果力与运动垂直，则不做功。功的单位是焦耳(J)。
Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy a body has because of its motion: KE = ½mv2. Gravitational potential energy (GPE) = mgh near the Earth' nserved: total energy before = total energy after, though it can transform between stores.
动能(KE)是因运动而具有的能量：KE = ½mv2。重力势能(GPE)在地面附近为 mgh，h是高度变化。能量总是守恒的：转换前总能量 = 转换后总能量，尽管可以在不同储存形式间转换。
Power (P) f doing work or transferring energy: P = ΔW / Δt. The unit is the watt (W), equal to 1 J s−1 rmula is P = Fv for a force moving an object at constant speed v in the force’s direction.
功率(P)是做功或传递能量的速率：P = ΔW / Δt。单位是瓦特(W)，相当于1 J s−1。另一个有用公式为 P = Fv，适用于力沿其方向以恒定速度v拉动物体。
Efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) × 100%. No real machine can be 100% efficient because some energy always spreads into thermal energy of the surroundings.
效率 = (有用的输出能量 / 总的输入能量) × 100%。现实中没有任何机器能达到100%效率，因为总有一部分能量扩散为环境的内能。
5. Deformation of Solids | 固体的形变
For a spring or wire obeying Hooke's law al to the applied force: F = kx, where k is the spring constant. This holds only up to the limit of proportionality. Exceed it and the graph curves.
对于遵守胡克定律的弹簧或金属丝，伸长量x与施加的力成正比：F = kx，k是劲度系数。这仅适用于比例极限内，超出后图线变弯。
Tensile stress = force / cross-sectional area, σ = F/A. Tensile strain = extension / original length, ε = ΔL / L₀. Stress has units of N m−2, or pascals (Pa). Strain is a ratio with no units.
拉应力 = 力 / 横截面积，σ = F/A。拉应变 = 伸长量 / 原长，ε = ΔL / L₀。应力的单位是 N m−2 或帕斯卡(Pa)。应变是比值，无单位。
The Young modulus (E) = tensile stress / tensile strain = (F/A) / (ΔL/L₀). It measures the
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