📚 Cambridge A-Level Psychology Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | Cambridge A-Level 心理学词汇速记指南
In Year 13 Cambridge Psychology, a precise grasp of subject-specific terminology is essential both for essay clarity and for hitting AO1 knowledge marks. This guide presents high-frequency terms organised by topic, with paired English–Chinese definitions and practical memory hooks to help you internalise them efficiently.
Year 13 剑桥心理学考试中，精确掌握学科术语对于论文表达的清晰度以及获取 AO1 知识分至关重要。本指南按主题整理了高频术语，提供英中对照的释义和实用的记忆线索，帮助你高效内化这些词汇。
1. Biological Psychology: Neurotransmitters and Hormones | 生物心理学：神经递质与激素
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction, learning, and memory; decreased ACh is linked to Alzheimer's disease.
乙酰胆碱是一种参与肌肉收缩、学习和记忆的神经递质；其含量下降与阿尔茨海默症有关。
Dopamine plays a key role in reward-motivated behaviour, motor control, and is implicated in addiction and schizophrenia.
多巴胺在奖励驱动的行为、运动控制中起关键作用，与成瘾和精神分裂症相关。
Serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep; low levels are associated with depression, supporting the monoamine hypothesis.
血清素调节情绪、食欲和睡眠；低水平与抑郁症相关，支持单胺假说。
Cortisol is a stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex; chronically high cortisol impairs memory and immune function.
皮质醇是由肾上腺皮质释放的压力激素；长期高皮质醇会损害记忆和免疫功能。
2. Biological Psychology: Brain Regions and Plasticity | 生物心理学：脑区与可塑性
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive functions such as planning, impulse control, and working memory; it matures late into early adulthood.
前额叶皮层负责执行功能，如计划、冲动控制和工作记忆；它在成年早期才完全成熟。
The limbic system, including the amygdala and hippocampus, processes emotion and memory consolidation; the amygdala promptly evaluates threat stimuli.
边缘系统包含杏仁核和海马体，处理情绪和记忆巩固；杏仁核快速评估威胁刺激。
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganise synaptic connections in response to experience, injury, or learning; it underpins recovery after trauma and the efficiency of neural pathways.
神经可塑性指大脑根据经验、损伤或学习重组突触连接的能力；它是创伤后恢复和神经通路效率的基础。
3. Cognitive Psychology: Memory Models | 认知心理学：记忆模型
The multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) proposes three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM); information passes between them via attention and rehearsal.
多储存模型提出三种储存系统：感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆；信息通过注意和复述在它们之间传递。
The working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch) replaces the unitary STM with a central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
工作记忆模型用中央执行器、语音回路、视空间模板和情景缓冲器取代了单一的短时记忆。
Episodic memory stores personal experiences with temporal and spatial context; semantic memory holds factual knowledge independent of context.
情景记忆存储带有时间和空间背景的个人经历；语义记忆保存与背景无关的事实知识。
Procedural memory is the unconscious memory of motor skills and habits; it is often spared in amnesia.
程序性记忆是对运动技能和习惯的无意识记忆；健忘症中它常常不受影响。
4. Cognitive Psychology: Forgetting and Reliability | 认知心理学：遗忘与可靠性
Interference theory posits that forgetting occurs because competing memories disrupt retrieval; proactive interference is when old learning hampers new recall, while retroactive interference works in reverse.
干扰理论认为遗忘是因竞争记忆妨碍提取而发生；前摄干扰是旧知识影响新回忆，倒摄干扰则相反。
Retrieval failure occurs when cues present at encoding are absent at recall; the encoding specificity principle states that memory is best when retrieval conditions match encoding conditions.
提取失败是指在识记时存在的线索在回忆时缺失；编码特异性原则指出，当提取条件与编码条件匹配时记忆最佳。
Misleading post-event information can distort eyewitness testimony; Loftus demonstrated that verb choice in questioning alters speed estimates and can implant false memories.
误导性事后信息会扭曲目击者证词；Loftus 证明提问中的动词选择会改变速度估计，并可能植入虚假记忆。
5. Social Psychology: Conformity and Obedience | 社会心理学：从众与服从
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief due to real or imagined group pressure; normative social influence leads to public compliance, while informational influence yields private acceptance.
从众是由于真实或想象的群体压力而导致的行为或信念改变；规范性社会影响导致公开顺从，信息性影响则带来私下接纳。
The Asch paradigm showed that participants conformed on an unambiguous line-judgement task in about 37% of critical trials; group size, unanimity, and task difficulty are key moderators.
阿希范式表明，参与者在无歧义的线条判断任务中约 37% 的关键试次中从众；群体规模、一致性以及任务难度是关键调节因素。
Obedience to authority was studied by Milgram, who found that 65% of participants administered the maximum 450V shock; proximity, legitimacy of the authority figure, and personal responsibility influence obedience levels.
米尔格拉姆研究了对权威的服从，发现 65% 的参与者施加了最高 450 伏电击；接近程度、权威人物的合法性以及个人责任影响服从水平。
6. Social Psychology: Prejudice and Discrimination | 社会心理学：偏见与歧视
Prejudice is a negative attitude based on group membership; its cognitive foundation is stereotypes, its affective component is hostility, and its behavioural expression is discrimination.
偏见是基于群体成员身份的消极态度；其认知基础是刻板印象，情感成分是敌意，行为表现是歧视。
Realistic conflict theory (Sherif) explains intergroup hostility as arising from competition over scarce resources; the Robbers Cave experiment showed that superordinate goals reduce conflict.
现实冲突理论解释群际敌意源于对稀缺资源的竞争；罗伯斯洞穴实验表明，高阶目标能减少冲突。
Social identity theory (Tajfel) proposes that individuals derive self-esteem from in-group membership; this leads to in-group favouritism and out-group derogation even with minimal groups.
社会认同理论提出个体从内群体成员身份中获得自尊；即使在最小群体中，也会导致内群体偏爱和外群体贬损。
7. Developmental Psychology: Attachment | 发展心理学：依恋
Attachment is a deep emotional bond between infant and caregiver; it is biologically programmed and serves a survival function by keeping the infant close to a protective adult.
依恋是婴儿与照料者之间的深厚情感纽带；它是生物性预设的，通过让婴儿靠近保护者来发挥生存功能。
Ainsworth's Strange Situation identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachment types; the caregiver's sensitivity is a primary predictor of secure attachment.
安斯沃斯的陌生情境法识别出安全型、不安全-回避型和不安全-抗拒型依恋；照料者的敏感性是预测安全型依恋的主要因素。
The internal working model is a mental representation of relationships formed from early attachment experiences; it guides expectations in later relationships.
内部工作模型是由早期依恋经历形成的关系心理表征；它引导着后期关系中的预期。
8. Psychopathology: Defining Abnormality | 精神病理学：界定异常
Statistical infrequency defines abnormality in terms of behaviours that are statistically rare; however, it fails to distinguish between desirable and undesirable rarity.
统计罕见定义将异常界定为统计上少见的行为；但它未能区分可取与不可取的罕见。
Deviation from social norms sees abnormality as behaviour that violates implicit or explicit societal rules; this definition varies across cultures and historical periods.
偏离社会规范将异常视为违反隐性或显性社会规则的行为；这一定义因文化和历史时期而异。
Failure to function adequately considers a person abnormal when they cannot cope with daily living demands; Rosenhan's criteria include personal distress, unpredictability, and observer discomfort.
功能不良定义认为当个体无法应对日常生活要求时为异常；Rosenhan 的标准包括个人痛苦、不可预测性和观察者不适。
Deviation from ideal mental health (Jahoda) lists criteria for psychological wellbeing, such as self-actualisation and autonomy; absence of these indicates abnormality.
偏离理想心理健康列出心理健康标准，如自我实现和自主性；缺乏这些则表明异常。
9. Psychopathology: Disorders and Explanations | 精神病理学：障碍与解释
Phobias are characterised by excessive fear and avoidance, maintained by operant conditioning (negative reinforcement) and classical conditioning; systematic desensitisation uses counterconditioning to treat them.
恐惧症以过度恐惧和回避为特征，由操作性条件作用（负强化）和经典条件作用维持；系统脱敏法运用去条件作用来治疗。
Depression is explained by the cognitive triad (negative views of self, world, and future) and by Ellis's ABC model, where irrational beliefs mediate between activating events and emotional consequences.
抑郁症可用认知三联征（对自我、世界和未来的消极看法）和 Ellis 的 ABC 模型解释，非理性信念在激发事件和情绪后果之间起中介作用。
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has biological explanations including abnormal serotonin levels and impaired frontal–striatal circuits; the candidate gene SERT has been implicated.
强迫症有生物学解释，包括血清素水平异常和额叶-纹状体回路受损；候选基因 SERT 被认为与之有关。
10. Research Methods: Validity and Reliability | 研究方法：效度与信度
Internal validity concerns whether the measured effect is genuinely due to the independent variable; confounding and extraneous variables reduce it.
内部效度关注观测效应是否确实由自变量引起；混淆变量和额外变量会降低它。
External validity refers to the generalisability of findings to other settings, populations, and times; ecological validity and population validity are subtypes.
外部效度指研究结果推广到其他情境、人群和时代的程度；生态效度和人群效度是其子类型。
Reliability is the consistency of measurement; test–retest reliability assesses stability over time, while inter-observer reliability checks agreement among observers.
信度是测量的一致性；重复测量信度评估时间稳定性，而观察者间信度检验观察者之间的一致性。
11. Research Methods: Designs and Ethics | 研究方法：设计与伦理
Independent groups design uses different participants in each condition, which avoids order effects but requires more participants and may suffer from participant variables.
独立组设计在每个条件下使用不同参与者，避免了顺序效应，但需要更多参与者，并可能受到参与者变量的影响。
Repeated measures design exposes the same participants to all conditions; it controls for individual differences but is prone to order effects that demand counterbalancing.
重复测量设计让同一批参与者接受所有条件；它控制了个体差异，但容易产生顺序效应，需要平衡处理。
Ethical guidelines require informed consent, protection from harm, right to withdraw, and debriefing; cost–benefit analyses are conducted by ethics committees before approval.
伦理准则要求知情同意、免受伤害、退出权和事后解释；伦理委员会在批准前进行成本-收益分析。
12. Mnemonic Strategies for Psychology Terms | 心理学术语记忆策略
Use keyword mnemonics: for 'dopamine', picture a 'dope' (reward) to remember its role in reward pathways; link 'serotonin' to 'serene' to associate it with mood calming.
使用关键词记忆术：对于“多巴胺”，可以想象一个“奖赏”（dope 梗），记住它在奖励通路中的作用；把“血清素”与“宁静”联系起来，联想到它对情绪的镇定作用。
Create acronyms: for the working memory model, remember 'CE + PL + VSS + EB' (Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer). Chant the pattern to encode the components.
创建首字母缩略词：对工作记忆模型，记住“CE + PL + VSS + EB”（中央执行器、语音回路、视空间模板、情景缓冲器）。反复诵念该模式来编码组成部分。
Apply story linking: when studying the multi-store model, narrate how sensory data 'attends' a gate, enters STM's stage, and after 'rehearsal practice' graduates to LTM's gallery. Emotional and bizarre imagery boosts recall.
运用故事串联法：学习多储存模型时，描述感觉数据如何“注意”门口、进入短时记忆的舞台，经“复述排练”后进入长时记忆的展厅。带情绪和荒诞的图像能增强回忆。
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