📚 A-Level Biology Year 13 Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memo Guide | A-Level 生物 Year 13 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialised vocabulary of Cambridge International A-Level Biology Year 13 can feel overwhelming, yet these terms are the keys to precise explanations and top-tier exam answers. This quick memo guide breaks down core terms from energy and respiration to genetic technology, pairing every concept with a memorable explanation in both English and Chinese. Use this as your daily flashcard companion to build confidence and deepen understanding without relying on rote memorisation alone.
掌握剑桥国际A-Level生物Year 13的专业术语可能让人望而生畏，但这些词汇正是精准解释和获得高分答案的关键。本速记指南将能量与呼吸、基因技术等核心术语拆解，每个概念都配有中英文的易记解释。把它当作每日闪卡伴侣，在理解的基础上建立自信，告别死记硬背。
1. Energy & Respiration | 能量与呼吸
Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct formation of ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, without the involvement of an electron transport chain. Think of it as 'instant ATP' produced when a phosphate group is transferred by an enzyme.
底物水平磷酸化是在糖酵解和克雷布斯循环中，ADP与磷酸化中间体直接形成ATP的过程，不涉及电子传递链。可以把它想象成酶直接把磷酸基团转移过来产生的“即时ATP”。
Chemiosmosis refers to the movement of H⁺ ions across a membrane down their electrochemical gradient, and the energy of this flow drives ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP. The name itself holds the clue: 'chemi-' + 'osmosis' – the chemical-driven osmotic flow of protons.
化学渗透是指H⁺离子顺着电化学梯度跨膜移动，此流动的能量驱动ATP合酶将ADP磷酸化。术语本身便是线索：“化学”+“渗透”——一个由化学势能驱动的质子渗透流。
In anaerobic respiration, lactate fermentation regenerates NAD⁺ from reduced NADH so that glycolysis can continue, producing a small yield of ATP without oxygen. Remember: the key purpose is not to make lactate, but to free up NAD⁺.
在无氧呼吸中，乳酸发酵将还原型NADH再生成NAD⁺，使糖酵解得以继续，并在无氧条件下产生少量ATP。记住：核心目的不是制造乳酸，而是释放NAD⁺。
2. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photophosphorylation is the process of ATP synthesis using light energy, occurring in the thylakoid membrane. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP, NADPH and O₂, while cyclic only yields ATP. Picture the Z-scheme: electrons travel in a zigzag, energised by two photosystems.
光合磷酸化是利用光能合成ATP的过程，发生在类囊体膜上。非循环光合磷酸化产生ATP、NADPH和O₂，而循环式只生成ATP。想象一下Z形图解：电子在两种光系统的激发下走之字形路线。
The Calvin cycle fixes CO₂ into a three-carbon sugar using the enzyme rubisco. The cycle's three phases – carboxylation, reduction and regeneration – can be memorised as 'CRR': Capture CO₂, Reduce to sugar, Regenerate the acceptor RuBP.
卡尔文循环通过酶rubisco将CO₂固定为三碳糖。循环的三个阶段——羧化、还原和再生——可以用“CRR”来记忆：捕获(Capture)CO₂，还原(Reduce)成糖，再生(Regenerate)受体RuBP。
Limiting factors such as light intensity, CO₂ concentration and temperature control the rate of photosynthesis. Visualise the law of the minimum: the factor farthest from its optimum puts a cap on the whole process.
限制因子如光强、CO₂浓度和温度控制着光合速率。想象最小因子定律：离最适值最远的那个因素会给整个速率封上盖子。
3. Homeostasis | 稳态
Negative feedback is a control mechanism in which a change triggers a response that counteracts the original deviation, restoring the set point. It is the thermostat principle – too hot, cooling on; too cold, heating on.
负反馈是一种控制机制，变化引发一个对抗原偏差的反应，从而恢复设定点。这就是恒温器原理——太热则开始降温，太冷则开始加热。
In the kidney, ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus, where high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules (water, urea, glucose, ions) out of the blood into the Bowman's capsule, while large proteins and cells are retained. Think of a sieve under pressure: size determines filtration.
在肾脏中，超滤作用发生在肾小球，高静水压迫使小分子（水、尿素、葡萄糖、离子）从血液进入鲍曼囊，而大分子蛋白质和细胞则被截留。想象一个有压力的滤网：大小决定过滤。
Selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule reclaims all glucose, most amino acids and 80–90% of water and ions from the filtrate via active transport and co-transport. 'Selective' means the body actively chooses what to retrieve.
近曲小管的选择性重吸收通过主动运输和共运输，从滤液中回收全部葡萄糖、大部分氨基酸和80–90%的水及离子。“选择性”意味着身体主动选择取回哪些物质。
4. Nervous Coordination | 神经协调
The resting potential of a neurone is about –70 mV, maintained by the Na⁺/K⁺ pump and differential membrane permeability. The cell is polarised – more negative inside. Remember 'Pump out the Na⁺, pull in the K⁺' to keep the resting state.
神经元的静息电位约为–70 mV，由Na⁺/K⁺泵和膜通透性差异维持。细胞处于极化状态——内部更负。记住“泵出Na⁺，吸入K⁺”来维持静息。
An action potential is a rapid, transient depolarisation of the membrane when voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open, followed by repolarisation as K⁺ channels open. The 'all-or-nothing' law means it either fires fully or not at all, providing a digital signal.
动作电位是电压门控Na⁺通道打开时膜的快速短暂去极化，随后K⁺通道打开引起复极化。“全或无”定律意味着它要么完全发放，要么不发放，提供了一种数字信号。
Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons, where the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next, greatly speeding up transmission. The myelin sheath acts like the insulation on a wire, preventing current leakage.
跳跃传导发生在有髓神经纤维上，动作电位从一个朗飞结跳跃到下一个，大大加快传递速度。髓鞘就像电线上的绝缘层，防止电流泄漏。
5. Hormonal Coordination | 激素协调
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the blood, affecting target cells with specific receptors. Unlike nervous impulses, hormone action is slower but often longer-lasting. Compare the two: nerve as text message, hormone as a circular letter.
激素是由内分泌腺分泌到血液中的化学信使，影响带有特异性受体的靶细胞。与神经冲动不同，激素作用较慢但往往更持久。可以对比：神经像短信，激素像群发通知。
Auxin is a plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and is involved in phototropism by accumulating on the shaded side of a shoot, causing bending towards light. 'Auxin' sounds like 'augments' – it enhances growth where it is concentrated.
生长素是一种促进细胞伸长的植物激素，通过在背光一侧积累引起向光性弯曲。“Auxin”听起来像“augments”（增强）——它在浓缩的地方促进生长。
Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a hormone released from the adrenal medulla in response to stress, triggering the 'fight or flight' response by increasing heart rate, blood glucose and blood flow to muscles. Its action involves conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP as a second messenger.
肾上腺素是肾上腺髓质在应对压力时释放的激素，通过提高心率、血糖和肌肉血流触发“战斗或逃跑”反应。其作用通过ATP转化为环AMP作为第二信使来实现。
6. Inheritance & Genetics | 遗传与基因
An allele is a variant form of a gene at a specific locus. Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles, while homozygous individuals carry identical alleles. Visualise alleles as different versions of a software programme – same location, different code.
等位基因是在特定基因座上基因的不同形式。杂合个体有两个不同的等位基因，纯合个体则携带相同的等位基因。把等位基因想象成同一款软件的不同版本——位置相同，代码不同。
Codominance means both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, producing a phenotype that shows both traits equally, such as AB blood type. Epistasis occurs when one gene masks the expression of another, like a foreground layer hiding what lies beneath.
共显性指杂合子中两个等位基因均充分表达，产生同时显示两种性状的表型，如AB血型。上位效应是指一个基因掩盖另一个基因的表达，就像前景图层遮住了下面的内容。
The chi-squared (χ²) test is a statistical tool used to determine whether there is a significant difference between observed and expected frequency data in genetics. If the calculated χ² exceeds the critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected – meaning the difference is probably not due to chance.
卡方(χ²)检验是一种统计学工具，用于判定遗传学中观测频数与预期频数之间是否存在显著差异。如果计算出的χ²值大于临界值，就拒绝零假设——意味着差异很可能不是随机因素造成的。
7. Evolution & Selection | 进化与选择
Natural selection acts on heritable variation: individuals with advantageous alleles are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on those alleles. Think of it as an editing process – nature filters phenotypes based on fitness in a given environment.
自然选择作用于可遗传的变异：拥有有利等位基因的个体更可能存活、繁殖并将这些等位基因传递下去。可以将其看作一个编辑过程——自然根据在特定环境下的适应度来筛选表型。
Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies in a small population, not driven by selective advantage. It can lead to loss of genetic diversity, especially during population bottlenecks. Imagine drawing coloured beads from a bag: with a small sample, chance can skew colours drastically.
遗传漂变是小型种群中等位基因频率的随机变化，并非由选择优势驱动。它可能导致遗传多样性的丧失，尤其是在种群瓶颈期间。想象从袋子中抽取彩色珠子：样本小，偶然性就会严重偏向某种颜色。
peciation arises within the same geographical area, often through reproductive isolation mechanisms such as temporal or behavioural barriers. 'Allo-' = other country; 'Sym-' = same place.
异域物种形成发生在种群因地理隔离而阻止基因流动、各自独立进化时。同域物种形成则在同一地理区域内发生，通常通过时间或行为等生殖隔离机制实现。前缀'Allo-'意为他处； 'Sym-'意为同处。
8. Classification & Biodiversity | 分类与生物多样性
Binomial nomenclature assigns each species a two-part scientific name: the genus (capitalised) and the species (lowercase), both italicised or underlined. It's the international passport name for organisms – Homo sapiens, Panthera leo.
双名法为每个物种赋予一个由两部分组成的学名：属名（首字母大写）和种名（全小写），均用斜体或下划线表示。它是生物的国际护照名——Homo sapiens, Panthera leo。
The three-domain system classifies life into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya based on differences in rRNA sequences. Archaea are not just 'ancient bacteria'; they are a distinct domain with unique membrane lipids.
三域系统根据rRNA序列差异将生命分为古细菌域、细菌域和真核生物域。古细菌不仅仅是“古老的细菌”；它们是一个具有独特膜脂的独立域。
Simpson' res biodiversity by accounting for both species richness and evenness. A higher value of 1 – iversity, meaning a community is less dominated by a single species. Use the formula D = 1 – [Σ(n/N)²] where n = number of individuals of one species, N = total individuals.
辛普森多样性指数(D)通过兼顾物种丰富度和均匀度来测量生物多样性。1 – D或D的倒数越高，表示多样性越丰富，意味着群落的单一物种优势度较低。使用公式 D = 1 – [Σ(n/N)²]，n为某一物种的个体数，N为总个体数。
9. Genetic Technology | 基因技术
Recombinant DNA technology involves cutting and pasting DNA from different sources using restriction enzymes (which cut at specific recognition sites) and DNA ligase (which seals the sugar-phosphate backbone). Visualise restriction enzymes as molecular scissors and ligase as molecular glue.
重组DNA技术利用限制酶（在特定识别位点切割）和DNA连接酶（密封糖-磷酸骨架）对来自不同来源的DNA进行剪切和粘贴。将限制酶想象成分子剪刀，连接酶则是分子胶水。
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies DNA in vitro through cycles of denaturation (95 °C), annealing (55–65 °C) and extension (72 °C) using Taq polymerase. Cycle three temperatures in your head: 'Melt, Stick, Make'.
聚合酶链式反应(PCR)通过变性(95 °C)、退火(55–65 °C)和延伸(72 °C)的循环，在体外使用Taq聚合酶扩增DNA。在脑中循环这三个温度：“熔化、粘贴、制造”。
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size: DNA is placed in wells and a current is applied; smaller fragments migrate faster through the gel mesh. The result appears as a series of bands that act as a molecular fingerprint.
凝胶电泳根据大小分离DNA片段：DNA加入样品孔，施加电流；较小的片段在凝胶网中迁移得更快。结果呈现出一系列条带，就像分子指纹一样。
10. Memorisation Strategies for A-Level Biology Terms | A-Level生物术语记忆策略
Create self-explanation flashcards: write the term on one side, and on the other write not just the definition but also an analogy, a diagram label, or a link to another topic. Memory is built on connections, so always ask 'What does this term actually mean, and where else have I seen this prefix?'
制作自解释闪卡：一面写术语，另一面不仅写定义，还要写出一个类比、一个图标注或与另一个主题的链接。记忆建立在连接之上，因此要经常问自己“这个术语到底是什么意思，我在哪里还见过这个前缀？”
Use the 'Terms in a Story' method: group 5–8 related terms (e.g. aerobic respiration) and weave them into a logical paragraph. Narrating the journey of an electron from glucose to O₂ cements the sequence and vocabulary simultaneously.
使用“术语编故事”法：将5–8个相关术语（如有氧呼吸）编入一段逻辑连贯的段落。叙述一个电子从葡萄糖到O₂的旅程，可以同时巩固序列和词汇。
Practise past-paper mark schemes with vocabulary focus: when marking, highlight the key scientific terms required for each point. Repeated exposure to command words like 'explain', 'describe' and 'suggest' paired with precise terminology will train your exam-ready vocabulary.
通过往年真题的评分标准练习词汇：在评分时，高亮每个得分点要求的关键科学术语。反复接触“解释”、“描述”和“建议”等指令词与精确术语的搭配，会训练出应试词汇。
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