📚 Year 13 SQA Engineering: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | SQA 工程关键术语速记指南
Mastering engineering terminology is crucial for excelling in the Year 13 SQA Engineering course. This guide presents essential vocabulary across core topics, each term explained clearly with a paired Chinese translation to reinforce understanding and aid rapid memorisation.
掌握工程术语对于在Year 13 SQA工程课程中取得优异成绩至关重要。本指南涵盖了核心主题的基本词汇，每个术语均有清晰的英文解释和对应的中文翻译，以加深理解并帮助快速记忆。
1. Mechanics and Materials | 力学与材料
cals (Pa), F is force in newtons (N), and A is cross-sectional area in square metres (m²).
应力是材料对外力的内部抵抗，量化表示为单位面积上的力。公式为 σ = F/A，其中 σ 是应力（帕斯卡 Pa），F 是力（牛顿 N），A 是截面积（平方米 m²）。
ionless, calculated as ε = ΔL / L₀, where ΔL is the change in length and L₀ is the original length.
应变是衡量材料变形程度的量，表示材料内部粒子相对于参考长度的位移。应变无量纲，计算公式为 ε = ΔL / L₀，其中 ΔL 是长度变化量，L₀ 是原始长度。
Young' stress to strain in the linear elastic region of the stress-strain curve, defined by Hooke's law as σ = Eε. The unit is pascals (Pa).
杨氏模量 (E) 量化了材料的刚度。它是应力-应变曲线线弹性区域内应力与应变的比值，由胡克定律定义为 σ = Eε。单位为帕斯卡 (Pa)。
The yield point marks the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Beyond this point, permanent deformation occurs even if the load is removed.
屈服点是材料开始发生塑性变形的应力点。超过此点后，即使移除载荷也会产生永久变形。
Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracturing. It is represented by the total area under the stress-strain curve.
韧性是材料在断裂前吸收能量并产生塑性变形的能力。它由应力-应变曲线下方的总面积表示。
Ductility refers to the extent to which a material can undergo plastic deformation under tensile stress before rupture. It is often measured by percentage elongation or reduction in area.
延展性是指材料在拉伸应力下发生塑性变形直至断裂的能力。通常通过伸长率或断面收缩率来衡量。
2. Electrical and Electronic Principles | 电气与电子原理
Ohm' mperature remains constant. The relationship is V = IR, where R is resistance in ohms (Ω).
欧姆定律指出，在温度不变的条件下，流过导体的电流 (I) 与导体两端的电压 (V) 成正比。关系式为 V = IR，其中 R 是电阻，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。
l area, and temperature, as given by R = ρL/A, where ρ is the resistivity of the material.
电阻是衡量电路中对电流阻碍作用的物理量。它受材料、长度、截面积和温度影响，公式为 R = ρL/A，其中 ρ 是材料的电阻率。
s capacitance C is measured in farads (F), defined as C = Q/V, where Q is charge and V is voltage.
电容是元件储存电荷的能力。电容器由被电介质隔开的两块导电板组成，其电容 C 以法拉 (F) 为单位，定义为 C = Q/V，其中 Q 是电荷量，V 是电压。
Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) states that the total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving it. Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) states that the sum of all voltages around a closed loop equals zero.
基尔霍夫电流定律 (KCL) 指出，进入节点的总电流
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