📚 Year 13 SQA Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | SQA 体育词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is the fastest way to unlock higher marks in SQA Higher and Advanced Higher Physical Education. This guide pairs essential terms with concise explanations and memory hooks, helping you recall definitions under exam pressure and use them accurately in scenario-based questions and the performance analysis section.
掌握关键术语是获取 SQA Higher 与 Advanced Higher 体育高分的捷径。本指南将必备词汇与简洁解释及记忆口诀配对，帮助你在考试压力下准确回忆定义，并在情景题和表现分析部分精准运用。
1. Principles of Play | 比赛原则
Principles of play are the fundamental tactical rules that guide decision‑making in invasion games. They are split into attacking principles (width, depth, mobility, penetration, support) and defending principles (delay, depth, balance, concentration, composure). A simple way to remember them is 'Wide Men Pass Slowly' — Width, Mobility, Penetration, Support — and 'Dogs Defend Big Cozy Couches' — Delay, Depth, Balance, Concentration, Composure.
比赛原则是指导侵入性运动决策制定的基本战术规则，分为进攻原则（宽度、深度、机动性、渗透、支援）和防守原则（延缓、纵深、平衡、集中、沉着）。记忆口诀是“宽机渗援”——宽度、机动、渗透、支援，以及“延深平集沉”——延缓、纵深、平衡、集中、沉着。
- Width: stretching the opposition sideways to create gaps. / 宽度：横向拉伸对方防线以制造空当。
- Depth: positioning players behind and in front of the ball to provide passing options or defensive cover. / 深度：在球前后布置球员以提供传球选择或防守保护。
- Delay: slowing down the attack to allow defensive recovery. / 延缓：减慢对方进攻速度，使防守回位。
2. Factors Impacting Performance | 影响表现的因素
The SQA course breaks performance into four broad factors: Physical, Mental, Social, and Technical‑Tactical. You must be able to identify which factor is most limiting in a given scenario and justify your answer. Visualise an athlete as a car: Physical is the engine, Mental is the driver, Social is the pit crew, and Technical‑Tactical is the steering — all must work together.
SQA 课程将表现分为四大因素：身体、心理、社交和技术战术。你必须能够判断在特定情景中哪个因素最限制表现并给出理由。把运动员想象成一辆汽车：身体是引擎，心理是驾驶员，社交是维修队，技术战术是方向盘——各部件必须协同工作。
- Physical: fitness components like CRE, speed, flexibility. / 身体：心肺耐力、速度、柔韧性等体能要素。
- Mental: confidence, concentration, motivation, arousal control. / 心理：自信、注意力、动机、唤醒控制。
- Social: communication, teamwork, group dynamics. / 社交：沟通、团队合作、群体动力。
- Technical‑Tactical: skill execution and decision‑making. / 技术战术：技能执行和决策。
3. Cycle of Analysis | 分析循环
The cycle of analysis is a systematic, ongoing process used to improve performance. It consists of four stages: gather data, analyse data, plan and implement a development programme, and evaluate progress. Think of it as a never‑ending loop — 'GAPE': Gather, Analyse, Plan, Evaluate. You need to know how to use both quantitative and qualitative data at the gathering stage.
分析循环是用于提升表现的系统性持续过程，包括四个阶段：收集数据、分析数据、规划并实施发展计划、评估进展。将其视为一个永无止境的循环——“收集、分析、计划、评估”。你需要知道在收集阶段如何使用定量和定性数据。
| Stage | Key Question |
|---|---|
| Gather | What data do I need? / 我需要什么数据？ |
| Analyse | What are my strengths/weaknesses? / 优缺点是什么？ |
| Plan & Implement | What method will close the gap? / 什么方法能缩小差距？ |
| Evaluate | Did the plan work? Re‑gather data. / 计划有效吗？重新收集数据。 |
4. Principles of Training | 训练原则
When designing a physical development programme, SQA expects you to apply the principles of training: Specificity, Progressive Overload (FITT — Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type), Reversibility, Tedium, and Individuality. The well‑known acronym 'SPORT' helps: Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium. For overload, remember 'FITT' to adjust the training variables.
在设计身体发展计划时，SQA 要求你运用训练原则：专项性、渐进超负荷（FITT——频率、强度、时间、类型）、可逆性、乏味性和个体差异性。熟知的缩写“SPORT”可助记忆：专项性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性、乏味性。关于超负荷，记住“FITT”来调整训练变量。
- Specificity: training matches the demands of the activity. / 专项性：训练与活动需求匹配。
- Progression: gradually increasing the challenge. / 渐进性：逐步增加训练难度。
- Overload: working beyond the normal comfort zone (use FITT). / 超负荷：超出正常舒适区的训练（运用 FITT）。
- Reversibility: fitness is lost when training stops. / 可逆性：停训导致体能下降。
- Tedium: boredom from monotonous training; vary methods. / 乏味性：训练单调导致厌倦，需变换方法。
5. Methods of Training & Fitness Components | 训练方法与体能要素
Each training method targets specific fitness components. For Higher, you must link the method, the component, and the monitoring tool. For example, fartlek training improves Cardio‑Respiratory Endurance (CRE) and can be monitored by a multi‑stage fitness test. Here is a quick reference table pairing methods with components.
每种训练方法针对特定的体能要素。在 Higher 课程中，你必须将方法、要素和监测工具联系起来。例如，法特莱克训练提升心肺耐力（CRE），可借助多阶段体能测试监测。以下是方法对应要素的快速参考表。
| Training Method | Fitness Component | Example Monitoring Tool |
|---|---|---|
| Continuous training | CRE | 12‑minute Cooper test |
| Fartlek training | CRE, Speed Endurance | Multi‑stage fitness test |
| Interval training | Speed, Speed Endurance | Repeat sprint timing |
| Circuit training | Muscular Endurance | 60‑second press‑up test |
| Weight training | Strength, Power | 1‑RM test |
| Plyometrics | Power | Vertical jump test |
| Dynamic stretching | Flexibility (pre‑event) | Sit and reach test |
Memory hook: 'Fartlek is Free‑Range Cardio' — it means speed play, but it primarily hits CRE. / 记忆口诀：“法特莱克是自由放养的心肺”——意为速度游戏，但主要锻炼心肺耐力。
6. Skill Classification & Feedback | 技能分类与反馈
Skills are often classified on continua: open‑closed, gross‑fine, self‑paced‑externally paced, discrete‑serial‑continuous. An open skill is performed in an unpredictable environment (e.g. a rugby tackle), while a closed skill is performed in a stable environment (e.g. a free throw). Key types of feedback include intrinsic (from within), extrinsic (from a coach), knowledge of performance (KP), and knowledge of results (KR).
技能常见分类按连续体划分：开放‑闭锁、粗大‑精细、自定节奏‑外部节奏、分立‑序列‑连续。开放技能在不可预测环境中执行（如橄榄球擒抱），闭锁技能在稳定环境中执行（如罚球）。重要反馈类型包括内在反馈（来自自身）、外在反馈（来自教练）、表现反馈（KP）和结果反馈（KR）。
- Intrinsic feedback: feel of the movement; e.g. the sound of a clean strike. / 内在反馈：动作感觉；例如清脆击球的声音。
- Extrinsic feedback: external cue; e.g. coach video analysis. / 外在反馈：外部提示；例如教练录像分析。
- KP: about technique quality, not outcome. / KP：关乎技术质量而非结果。
- KR: about the outcome; e.g. score, time. / KR：关乎结果；例如得分、时间。
7. Leadership Styles & Decision‑Making | 领导风格与决策
SQA references three main leadership styles: autocratic (leader‑centred), democratic (group consensus), and laissez‑faire (hands‑off). The effectiveness depends on the situation, the group's experience, and time constraints. In your analysis, link the style to a player’s needs — e.g. a novice requires more autocratic, directive coaching, while an expert benefits from a democratic, question‑driven approach.
SQA 提及三种主要领导风格：独裁型（以领导者为中心）、民主型（群体共识）和放任型（不干预）。有效性取决于情景、团队经验水平和时间限制。在分析中，将风格与运动员需求联系起来——例如，新手需要更多独裁式、指令性指导，而专家则从民主式、提问驱动的方法中获益。
Memory tip: 'Auto‑Demo‑Lazy' — Autocratic (I command), Democratic (We decide), Laissez‑Faire (You decide). / 记忆口诀：“独‑民‑懒”——独裁（我命令）、民主（我们决定）、放任（你决定）。
8. Emotional & Mental Factors Vocabulary | 情绪与心理因素词汇
This area is often tested through scenario questions where an athlete loses focus. Key terms: arousal (physiological readiness), anxiety (negative stress), intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, self‑efficacy (belief in one's ability), and catastrophe theory (a sudden drop in performance when arousal exceeds optimal). To recall arousal theories, use 'Inverted‑U is upside‑down U — optimal arousal leads to peak performance.' Catastrophe theory says over‑arousal plus cognitive anxiety causes a cliff‑fall drop.'
该领域常通过运动员注意力分散的情景题来考查。关键术语：唤醒（生理准备状态）、焦虑（负面压力）、内在/外在动机、自我效能感（对自己能力的信念）以及灾难理论（当唤醒超出最佳水平时表现的突然下降）。要记住唤醒理论，可用“倒U就是倒过来的U——最佳唤醒带来巅峰表现。灾难理论指出，过度唤醒加上认知焦虑导致悬崖式下跌。”
- Drive theory: Performance = arousal × habit. / 驱力理论：表现 = 唤醒 × 习惯。
- Inverted U theory: performance peaks at moderate arousal. / 倒U理论：中等唤醒时表现最佳。
- Self‑efficacy: built through past success, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional control. / 自我效能感：通过既往成功、替代经验、言语劝说和情绪控制建立。
9. Data Collection & Types of Data | 数据收集与数据类型
SQA demands that you know the difference between quantitative data (numbers, objective) and qualitative data (descriptions, subjective). In the performance analysis unit, you often use a combination: a standardised fitness test (quantitative) alongside a coach observation checklist (qualitative). Validity and reliability are crucial here. A test is valid if it measures what it claims to; it is reliable if it gives consistent results when repeated.
SQA 要求你区分定量数据（数字，客观）和定性数据（描述，主观）。在表现分析单元中，你通常会综合使用两者：标准化体能测试（定量）以及教练观察清单（定性）。效度和信度在此至关重要。一项测试如果测量了它声称要测量的东西，就具有效度；如果在重复时得到一致结果，就具有信度。
Quick link: Quantitative = Quantity (numbers). Qualitative = Quality (words, feelings). / 快速联系：Quantitative（定量）对应 Quantity（数量，数字）；Qualitative（定性）对应 Quality（质量，文字、感受）。
10. Anatomy & Physiology Essentials | 解剖生理学要点
Although the Higher course focuses on one chosen activity, you still need anatomical vocabulary to explain physical factors. Key terms: concentric contraction (muscle shortens under tension), eccentric contraction (muscle lengthens under tension, e.g. lowering phase of a bicep curl), isometric contraction (muscle stays the same length). Joint types: ball‑and‑socket (hip, shoulder) allows movement in all planes; hinge (knee, elbow) allows flexion/extension.
尽管 Higher 课程聚焦于一项选定活动，你仍需解剖学词汇来解释身体因素。关键术语：向心收缩（肌肉在张力下缩短）、离心收缩（肌肉在张力下伸长，如二头弯举的放下阶段）、等长收缩（肌肉长度不变）。关节类型：球窝关节（髋、肩）允许多平面运动；屈戍关节（膝、肘）允许屈/伸。
- Agonist: the prime mover; e.g. biceps during a curl. / 主动肌：主要作用肌；如卷曲时的二头肌。
- Antagonist: the muscle that relaxes to allow movement. / 拮抗肌：放松以允许运动的肌肉。
- Synovial fluid: lubricates joints to reduce friction. / 滑液：润滑关节以减小摩擦。
11. Scenario‑Based Answer Triggers | 情景题回答触发器
When faced with a scenario, quickly identify the factor, then use the 'Problem → Solution → Justification' structure. Problem: 'The performer lacks concentration (mental).' Solution: 'Use progressive muscular relaxation before performance.' Justification: ' lowers somatic anxiety, keeping arousal within the optimal zone according to the Inverted‑U theory.' Memorise a set of go‑to interventions for each factor to speed up your writing.
遇到情景题时，快速识别因素，然后使用“问题 → 解决方案 → 理论依据”结构。问题：“运动员缺乏注意力（心理）。”解决方案：“在比赛前使用渐进式肌肉放松。”理论依据：“这能降低躯体焦虑，根据倒U理论将唤醒维持在最佳区间。”熟记每个因素的一套常用干预措施，以加快书写速度。
Mental intervention bank: breathing exercises, self‑talk, imagery, pre‑performance routine. Physical: adjust FITT, cross‑training. Social: team‑building activities, improved communication drills. / 心理干预库：呼吸练习、自我谈话、想象、赛前程序。身体：调整 FITT、交叉训练。社交：团队建设活动、改进沟通练习。
12. Revision Strategy & Memory Techniques | 复习策略与记忆技巧
Use active recall and dual coding (pairing words with simple sketches) to cement terminology. For each key term, create a one‑sentence definition in your own words and a sporting example. Write these on flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese translation plus definition on the other. Speak them aloud as you practise, because auditory memory reinforces retention. Finally, self‑test by identifying the term from a definition alone — this mirrors SQA exam command words like 'identify, describe, explain.'
使用主动回忆和双重编码（将词语与简图配对）来巩固术语。针对每个关键术语，用自己的话写一句定义和一个运动例子。将这些写在闪卡上，正面英文术语，背面中文翻译加定义。练习时大声说出来，因为听觉记忆能加强保持。最后，根据定义自我测试识别术语——这模拟了 SQA 考试中的指令词，如“识别、描述、解释”。
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