📚 SQA Psychology Year 13: Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | SQA心理学Year 13：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology in SQA Year 13 Psychology is half the battle in extended-response and data-analysis questions. This guide pairs definitions with memorable hooks, shorthand, and visual cues so you can recall precise terms under exam pressure.
在SQA Year 13心理学中，掌握核心术语是解答长篇论述和数据分析题的关键。本指南将定义与记忆挂钩、速记口诀和图像线索配对，助你在考场压力下精准提取术语。
1. Research Methods Fundamentals | 研究方法基础
The independent variable (IV) is what the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates; the dependent variable (DV) is the outcome measure. Picture the IV as the 'cause' and the DV as the 'effect' — IV pulls the lever, DV dances. Mnemonic: 'IV I vary, DV Depends.'
自变量（IV）是研究者有意改变或操纵的因素，因变量（DV）是测量的结果。把IV看作“因”，DV看作“果”——IV拉杆，DV随之起舞。口诀：“IV我来变，DV它来应。”
rationalisation means turning abstract concepts into measurable steps. If you are studying 'aggression', operationalise it as 'number of times a child hits a doll in five minutes'. Remember: 'Operation = making it work in a specific, countable way.'
操作化就是将抽象概念转化为可测量的步骤。若研究“攻击性”，可操作化为“五分钟内孩子击打玩偶的次数”。联想：“给变量安排具体任务，让它可操作、可计数。”
uncontrolled factor that systematically changes with the IV and muddies the results. Think 'confuse the cause'. To control it, use random allocation or counterbalancing. Recall: 'Confound = this extra factor makes the IV–DV link unsound.'
混淆变量是一种未加控制的因素，它随自变量系统性变化，干扰结果。想象“混淆因果”。可用随机分配或平衡法控制。记忆：“混淆变量一登场，因果链条就偏航。”
2. Cognitive Approach: Schemas and Beliefs | 认知取向：图式与信念
Schemas are mental frameworks that organise past experiences and guide current perception. A 'restaurant schema' tells you to wait, order, eat, pay. Mnemonic: 'Schemas are the map; your mind reads the map.' They save energy but can cause stereotyping.
图式是组织过往经验并引导当前感知的心理框架。“餐厅图式”让你知道进门、点餐、结账。口诀：“图式如地图，脑海依它读。”虽省认知资源，但可能导致刻板印象。
Assimilation is fitting new data into existing schemas without change; accommodation is altering schemas to fit the new data. Piaget's example: a child calls a zebra 'horse' (assimilation), then learns stripes mean zebra (accommodation). Think: 'Same shelf vs new shelf.'
同化是将新信息直接纳入已有图式；顺应则是改变图式适应新信息。皮亚杰的例证：孩子把斑马叫“马”（同化），后来明白条纹代表斑马（顺应）。联想：“旧书架加书 vs 添置新书架。”
Cognitive dissonance (Festinger) is the uncomfortable tension when beliefs clash with actions. To reduce it, we change attitude or behaviour. Visualise: 'Smoker who knows it kills but says "I only smoke light."' Memory hook: 'Diss-own the conflict or it burns.'
认知失调（费斯廷格）是信念与行为冲突时产生的不适感。为缓解失调，我们会改变态度或行为。想象：“明知吸烟有害却自欺‘我只抽淡烟’。”口诀：“失调如警铃，不调不安宁。”
3. Social Psychology: Conformity, Obedience, Compliance | 社会心理学：从众、服从、顺从
Conformity (Asch) is yielding to group pressure even when the group is clearly wrong. In Asch's line study, 75% conformed at least once. Mnemonic: 'Asch's lines — aligning with the crowd when the answer is blindingly obvious otherwise.'
从众（阿希）是指屈从群体压力，即便群体显然错误。阿希线条实验中，75%的参与者至少从众一次。记忆：“阿希的线条，明眼人偏跟着瞎跑。”
Obedience (Milgram) means following direct orders from an authority figure. 65% of participants in Milgram's study administered maximum shocks. Think: 'Authority says continue; obedience makes you continue despite the screams.'
服从（米尔格拉姆）指听从权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆实验中65%的参与者实施最高电压。联想：“权威一声令下，服从让人无视呼救继续加压。”
nt without private acceptance, often to gain rewards or avoid punishment. Kissing the boss's feet while rolling your eyes is compliance. Memory aid: 'Compliance = publicly "Yes", privately "No".'
顺从是表面认同而无内心接受，常为获得奖励或逃避惩罚。对老板点头哈腰、私下翻白眼，就是顺从。口诀：“顺从：嘴上‘好’，心里‘糟’。”
4. Biological Psychology: Brain & Neurochemistry | 生物心理学：大脑与神经化学
Localisation of function means specific brain regions control specific abilities. Broca's area (frontal lobe) governs speech production; damage leads to broken, non-fluent aphasia. Wernicke's area (temporal lobe) governs comprehension; damage results in fluent but meaningless speech. Mnemonic: 'Broca's Broken, Wernicke's Wordy.'
功能定位指特定脑区控制特定能力。布洛卡区（额叶）主管言语产出，损伤导致断断续续的非流利性失语。韦尼克区（颞叶）主管言语理解，损伤导致流利却无
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