📚 Year 13 SQA Physics: Core Knowledge Summary | Year 13 SQA 物理：核心知识点梳理
Mastering SQA Year 13 Physics requires a thorough understanding of advanced mechanics, fields, waves, quantum phenomena, and data analysis. This article provides a concise yet comprehensive review of essential topics, pairing each key point in English and Chinese to strengthen your conceptual grasp and exam readiness.
掌握 SQA Year 13 物理需要透彻理解高级力学、场、波、量子现象和数据分析。本文对核心知识点进行了简洁而全面的梳理，以中英双语配对的形式呈现，帮助你夯实概念，高效备考。
1. Rotational Motion and Torque | 旋转运动与扭矩
ga/dt. The relationships with linear quantities are v = omega r, tangential acceleration at = alpha r, and centripetal acceleration ac = omega2 r = v2/r.
旋转运动学使用角位移 theta、角速度 omega = dtheta/dt 和角加速度 alpha = domega/dt。与线量的关系为 v = omega r，切向加速度 at = alpha r，向心加速度 ac = omega2 r = v2/r。
a causes angular acceleration according to tau = I alpha, where I is the moment of inertia – the rotational analogue of mass. The moment of inertia depends on the object's mass distribution relative to the rotation axis.
力矩 tau = F r sin theta 产生角加速度，遵循 tau = I alpha，其中 I 是转动惯量，相当于旋转中的质量。转动惯量取决于质量相对于转轴的分布。
ved when no external torque acts, explaining why a spinning skater spins faster when pulling arms inward. The rate of change of angular momentum equals the external torque.
角动量 L = I omega 在没有外力矩时守恒，这解释了溜冰者收臂后旋转加快的现象。角动量的变化率等于外力矩。
tau = I alpha , L = I omega
2. Gravitation and Orbits | 引力与轨道
Newton's law of universal gravitation: F = G m1 m2 / r2. The gravitational field strength g = F/m = GM/r2, representing the force per unit mass at a point. Near Earth's surface g is approximately 9.8 N/kg.
牛顿万有引力定律：F = G m1 m2 / r2。重力场强 g = F/m = GM/r2，表示单位质量在该点所受的引力。地球表面附近 g 约为 9.8 N/kg。
For a circular orbit, gravitational force provides the centripetal force: GMm/r2 = mv2/r, giving orbital speed v = radic(GM/r) and period T = 2pi radic(r3/GM) (Kepler's third law). Geostationary satellites have a period equal to Earth's rotational period.
对于圆形轨道，万有引力提供向心力：GMm/r2 = mv2/r，得到轨道速度 v = radic(GM/r)，周期 T = 2pi radic(r3/GM)（开普勒第三定律）。地球静止轨道卫星的周期等于地球自转周期。
Escape velocity vesc tial V = -GM/r and potential energy U = -GMm/r; the negative sign indicates bound systems.
逃逸速度 vesc = radic(2GM/r) 是无需任何推进就能摆脱引力场所需的速度。引力势 V = -GM/r，势能 U = -GMm/r；负号表示系统处于束缚状态。
v = radic(GM/r) , T2 prop r3 , U = -GMm/r
3. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) | 简谐运动 (SHM)
proportional to displacement but opposite in direction, leading to acceleration a = -omega2 mega t + phi) or x = A cos(omega t + phi), where A is amplitude and phi is phase constant.
回复力与位移成正比且方向相反时产生简谐运动，加速度 a = -omega2 x。位移可表示为 x = A sin(omega t + phi) 或 x = A cos(omega t + phi)，其中 A 为振幅，phi 为初相位。
Velocity v = plusmn omega radic(A2 - x2), and maximum speed vmax stem T = 2pi radic(m/k); for a simple pendulum T = 2pi radic(l/g), valid for small angles.
速度 v = plusmn omega radic(A2 - x2)，最大速度 vmax = omega A。周期与振幅无关。弹簧振子 T = 2pi radic(m/k)；单摆 T = 2pi radic(l/g)，仅在小角度时成立。
Energy in SHM: total mechanical energy E = frac12 k A2 = frac12 m omega2 A2. At any point, the sum of kinetic and potential energies remains constant. Damping reduces amplitude over time; resonance occurs when driving frequency matches natural frequency.
简谐运动中的能量：总机械能 E = frac12 k A2 = frac12 m omega2 A2。在任意位置，动能与势能之和保持不变。阻尼使振幅随时间减小；驱动频率等于固有频率时发生共振。
a = -omega2 x , T = 2pi radic(m/k) , Etotal = frac12 k A2
4. Waves and Interference | 波与干涉
and longitudinal waves are distinguished by the direction of particle vibration relative to propagation.
行波可用 y = A sin(omega t - kx) 描述，其中波数 k = 2pi/lambda，角频率 omega = 2pi f。波速 v = f lambda。横波与纵波通过质点振动方向相对于传播方向区分。
tive interference occurs when the path difference Delta = n lambda (n = 0,1,2...); destructive when Delta = (n + frac12) lambda.
叠加原理：两个或多个波重叠时，合位移为各波位移的代数和。程差 Delta = n lambda (n = 0,1,2...) 时发生相长干涉；程差 Delta = (n + frac12) lambda 时发生相消干涉。
Young' ith slit spacing d, maxima satisfy d sin theta = n lambda. This equation is used to analyse spectra.
杨氏双缝实验：条纹间距 Delta x = lambda D / d，其中 D 为到屏幕距离，d 为缝距。衍射光栅缝距为 d 时，亮纹满足 d sin theta = n lambda。该方程用于光谱分析。
v = f lambda , Delta x = lambda D / d , d sin theta = n lambda
5. Electric Fields and Potential | 电场与电势
Coulomb's law: F = k Q1 Q2 / r2 (k = 1/(4pi epsilon0)). Electric field strength E = F/q for a test charge; for a point charge E = k Q / r2 In a uniform field between parallel plates, E = V/d, where V is the potential difference.
库仑定律：F = k Q1 Q2 / r2（k = 1/(4pi epsilon0)）。电场强度 E = F/q（对检验电荷）；对点电荷 E = k Q / r2。在平行板间的匀强电场中，E = V/d，V 为电势差。
wo points is Delta W = q Delta V. Equipotential surfaces are perpendicular to field lines.
电势 V = k Q / r 是标量。电荷 q 在该电势中的势能为 U = q V。将电荷在两点间移动所做的功为 Delta W = q Delta V。等势面垂直于电场线。
When a charged particle is accelerated through a potential difference V, its kinetic energy gain is frac12 m v2 g relativistic effects. This principle is used in particle accelerators and electron guns.
带电粒子经电势差 V 加速后，其动能增加为 frac12 m v2 = q V，忽略相对论效应。这一原理应用于粒子加速器和电子枪。
F = k Q1 Q2 / r2 , E = V/d , V = k Q / r
6. Capacitors and RC Circuits | 电容器与 RC 电路
Capacitance C = Q/V, measured in farads. For a parallel-plate capacitor, C = epsilon0 epsilonr A / d, where A is plate area, d is separation, and epsilonr is the dielectric constant. Inserting a dielectric increases capacitance.
电容 C = Q/V，单位是法拉。平行板电容器 C = epsilon0 epsilonr A / d，其中 A 为板面积，d 为板间距，epsilonr 为介电常数。插入电介质会增大电容。
Energy stored in a capacitor: E = frac12 C V2 = frac12 Q V = frac12 Q2/C. This energy resides in the electric field between the plates. Capacitors are used in smoothing circuits and timing applications.
电容器储存的能量：E = frac12 C V2 = frac12 Q V = frac12 Q2/C。能量储存在两极板间的电场中。电容器用于平滑电路和定时应用。
Published by TutorHao | Year 13 Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图