Year 12 SQA Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | SQA 物理词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 SQA Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | SQA 物理词汇术语速记指南

Mastering SQA Higher Physics requires more than just equation recall—it demands a confident command of the subject’s precise terminology. This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary from every core topic, pairing each term with a clear English definition immediately followed by its Chinese equivalent and a memory shortcut designed to make the word stick. Whether you are preparing for multiple-choice questions where a single word changes the meaning, or tackling written explanations that reward accurate language, this resource will sharpen your technical fluency and cut revision time.

掌握 SQA 高阶物理不仅需要记住公式，还需要对学科精准术语有自信的掌控。本指南拆解了每个核心主题的关键词汇，为每个术语配上清晰的英文定义，紧接着是对应的中文解释和一个让词语扎根在脑海中的记忆捷径。无论你是在准备一个词就改变含义的选择题，还是在应对奖励精准语言表达的书面解释题，这份资源都会提升你的术语熟练度并缩短复习时间。

1. Mechanics: Key Quantities & Units | 力学：关键量与单位

Understanding the difference between scalar and vector is the foundation of all mechanics. A scalar quantity has magnitude only—think of 'scalar' rhyming with 'scale', like the number on a weighing scale. Examples include distance (metre), speed (metre per second), mass (kilogram), and time (second). A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction; remember 'vector' contains 'direction' in its meaning. Displacement is distance in a given direction, velocity is speed with direction, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

理解标量和矢量的区别是所有力学的基础。标量只有大小——可以把 'scalar' 联想为押韵 'scale'（刻度），就像秤上的数字。例子包括距离（米）、速率（米每秒）、质量（千克）和时间（秒）。矢量既有大小又有方向；记住 'vector' 本身暗含‘方向’。位移是给定方向上的距离，速度是带方向的速率，加速度是速度的变化率。

Memorise base SI units using the mnemonic 'My Cat Likes Tasty Apples' for metre (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol), candela (cd). For derived units, recall that the newton (N) equals kg m s⁻² by thinking 'Newton Needs Force: kg times ms⁻²'. The joule (J) is N m or kg m² s⁻²—imagine a jewel being mined with a pickaxe moving through distance.

用助记符“My Cat Likes Tasty Apples”来记忆基本国际单位：米（m）、千克（kg）、秒（s）、安培（A）、开尔文（K）、摩尔（mol）、坎德拉（cd）。对于导出单位，记住牛顿（N）等于 kg m s⁻²，可联想“牛顿需要力：kg 乘以 ms⁻²”。焦耳（J）是 N m 或 kg m² s⁻²——想象用镐挖掘宝石移动了距离。

2. Equations of Motion & SUVAT | 运动学方程与 SUVAT

The five SUVAT variables—s (displacement), u (initial velocity), v (final velocity), a (acceleration), t (time)—are a closed system. Missing any quantity leads you directly to the correct equation. Use the phrase 'SUVAT cars move' to visualise a sport utility vehicle accelerating; the word itself contains all five letters. When an object falls under gravity, replace a with g (9.8 m s⁻² on Earth) and remember the direction convention: g acts downwards, so take it as negative if upward is positive.

五个 SUVAT 变量——s（位移）、u（初速度）、v（末速度）、a（加速度）、t（时间）——构成一个封闭体系。缺少任何一个量都能直接指引你用哪个方程。用短语“SUVAT 汽车移动”来想象一辆加速的 SUV；这个词本身就包含了五个字母。当物体在重力作用下下落时，将 a 替换为 g（地球上为 9.8 m s⁻²），并记住方向规定：g 向下作用，所以如果向上为正则取负。

Horizontal and vertical motion are independent. Projectile problems become manageable when you split velocity into horizontal component u cos θ and vertical component u sin θ. The θ is the angle to the horizontal; think 'cos touches the horizontal' because cosine is adjacent over hypotenuse.

水平和垂直运动是独立的。当你将速度分解为水平分量 u cos θ 和垂直分量 u sin θ 时，抛射体问题就变简单了。θ 是与水平方向的夹角；联想“cos 接触水平”因为余弦是邻边比斜边。

3. Forces & Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律

Newton' Law: an object stays at rest or in uniform motion unless a resultant force acts. The word 'inertia' describes this reluctance to change—imagine an inert object just sitting there. Newton's Second Law: F = ma, which also gives the definition of the newton. Use 'F equals ma, force is mass times motion-change'. Newton' ody A exerts a force on body B, then B exerts an equal and opposite force on A. Always ask 'What is the other body?' to identify the pair.

牛顿第一定律：物体保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非有合力作用。‘惯性’一词描述的就是这种抗拒改变的倾向——想象一个惰性物体就是静止不动。牛顿第二定律：F = ma，这也给出了牛顿的定义。用“F 等于 ma，力是质量乘以运动变化”。牛顿第三定律：力成对出现；如果 A 对 B 施加一个力，那么 B 对 A 施加一个等大反向的力。总是问“另一个物体是什么？”来识别这对力。

opposing motion). The coefficient of friction μ relates frictional force to normal reaction: Ff ≤ μR. Remember μ as 'mu' symbolising 'motion-under-stickiness'.

自由体受力图必须画出重力（mg 向下）、法向反作用力（垂直于表面）、张力（沿绳子）和摩擦力（阻碍运动）。摩擦系数 μ 将摩擦力与法向反作用力联系起来：Ff ≤ μR。将 μ 记忆为“mu”象征“粘性下的运动”。

4. Momentum & Impulse | 动量与冲量

provided no external forces act. The impulse J = Ft = Δp is the change in momentum. Picture a cricket bat hitting a ball— (time t), the greater the change in momentum, which is the area under a force-time graph.

动量 p = mv 是矢量。动量守恒指出，在没有外力作用的封闭系统中，碰撞前的总动量等于碰撞后的总动量。冲量 J = Ft = Δp 是动量的变化量。想象板球拍击球——球拍随挥时间（t）越长，动量变化越大，即力-时间图下的面积。

Elastic collisions conserve kinetic energy; inelastic collisions do not. Use the term 'perfectly elastic' for collisions where objects bounce off without energy loss—think of a perfectly elastic rubber band springing back. Explosions are reverse collisions: total momentum remains zero if the initial object was at rest.

弹性碰撞动能守恒；非弹性碰撞不守恒。用术语“完全弹性”描述物体弹开且无能量损失的碰撞——想到完全弹性的橡皮筋回弹。爆炸是反向的碰撞：如果初始物体静止，总动量保持为零。

5. Work, Energy & Power | 功、能与功率

y Ep = mgh. The principle of conservation of energy is universal: energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed. Power P = W/t = Fv, measured in watts (J s⁻¹).

功 W = Fd cos θ，其中 θ 是力与位移的夹角。能量传递即做功。动能 Ek = ½mv²；势能 Ep = mgh。能量守恒定律是普适的：能量可以转化但不可创生或消灭。功率 P = W/t = Fv，单位瓦特（J s⁻¹）。

emory trick for efficiency: Efficiency = (useful energy output ÷ total energy input) × 100%. No machine can be 100% efficient due to friction and heat losses. The phrase 'Efficiency is never Enough' reminds us E < 1.

一个强有力的效率记忆技巧：效率 = （有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量）× 100%。由于摩擦和热量损失，没有机器能达到 100% 效率。“效率永不足够”这句话提醒我们 E < 1。

6. Circular Motion & Gravitation | 圆周运动与引力

e centre: F = mv²/r or mω²r. Angular velocity ω = θ/t = 2πf, measured in rad s⁻¹. The radian is the angle subtended by an arc equal to the radius; there are 2π radians in a circle.

在匀速圆周运动中，速率恒定但速度不恒定，因为方向在变。向心力总是指向圆心：F = mv²/r 或 mω²r。角速度 ω = θ/t = 2πf，单位是 rad s⁻¹。弧度是一个弧长等于半径的圆弧所对的圆心角；一个圆有 2π 弧度。

Newton' rsal Gravitation: F = G M m / r². The gravitational field strength g = GM/r² near a planet's surface. Memorise 'Gravitational kiss: Gee, Mass and Mass attract' he for the formula. Geostationary satellites have a period of 24 hours and orbit above the Equator—think 'Geo-stationary = Geo-synchronous over Equator'.

牛顿万有引力定律：F = G M m / r²。行星表面附近的引力场强 g = GM/r²。记忆“引力之吻：Gee, 大质量和小质量相互吸引”来掌握公式。地球同步卫星周期为 24 小时，在赤道上空运行——联想“Geo-stationary = Geo-synchronous over Equator”。

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7. Electricity & Circuits | 电学与电路

rence (voltage) V = W/Q is the energy transferred per unit charge. Resistance R = V/I; Ohm's law states that for a conductor at constant temperature, V ∝ I. Resistors in series: R = R₁ + R₂ + ...; in parallel: 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...

电荷 Q 的单位是库仑（C）；1 C = 1 A s。电流 I = Q/t 是电荷流动的速率。电势差（电压）V = W/Q 是每单位电荷转移的能量。电阻 R = V/I；欧姆定律指出，在恒温下对于导体 V ∝ I。串联电阻：R = R₁ + R₂ + ...；并联电阻：1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...

nergy supplied per unit charge; it includes internal resistance r, so terminal potential difference V = ε - Ir. Remember 'EMF pushes, internal resistance pushes back'.

使用家庭电路类比：电压像水压，电流像流速，电阻像管道摩擦。电源的电动势 ε 是每单位电荷提供的能量；它包含内阻 r，因此端电压 V = ε - Ir。记住“电动势推，内阻反推”。

8. Electromagnetism & Induction | 电磁学与感应

Magnetic fields are produced by moving charges or permanent magnets. Fleming' force F = BIl sin θ, where B is magnetic flux density in tesla (T). A charged particle moving in a field experiences force F = BQv sin θ.

磁场由运动的电荷或永磁体产生。弗莱明左手定则给出了磁场对载流导体的作用力：食指 Field（磁场），中指 Current（电流），大拇指 Motion（运动）。力 F = BIl sin θ，其中 B 是磁通量密度，单位特斯拉（T）。带电粒子在磁场中运动受到的力为 F = BQv sin θ。

Electromagnetic induction occurs when there is a change in magnetic flux linkage. Faraday's Law: the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage. Lenz's Law states the induced current flows in a direction that opposes the change creating it. Use 'Lenz is against the change' as a memory tag.

当磁通量链发生变化时发生电磁感应。法拉第定律：感应电动势与磁链变化率成正比。楞次定律指出，感应电流的方向总是阻碍引起感应的变化。用“楞次反对变化”作为记忆标签。

9. Waves & Optics | 波动与光学

lel (e.g., sound). Key terms: wavelength λ, frequency f, period T = 1/f, amplitude A, wave speed v = fλ. The phase difference describes how much one wave lags behind another in degrees or radians.

横波的振动方向垂直于能量传递方向（如光、水波）；纵波的振动方向平行（如声音）。关键术语：波长 λ、频率 f、周期 T = 1/f、振幅 A、波速 v = fλ。相位差描述一个波相对于另一个波滞后的程度，单位度或弧度。

(in phase); destructive when (n + ½)λ. The double-slit equation is d sin θ = nλ. Remember 'differing slits produce bright fringes' to recall d and θ. In single-slit diffraction, the first minimum satisfies a sin θ = λ.

干涉与衍射：当程差为 nλ 时产生相长干涉（同相）；当程差为 (n + ½)λ 时产生相消干涉。双缝方程是 d sin θ = nλ。记忆“不同的狭缝产生亮条纹”来回忆 d 和 θ。在单缝衍射中，第一个极小满足 a sin θ = λ。

10. Thermodynamics & Gases | 热力学与气体

Celsius scale uses the same division size as kelvin, so ΔT in °C equals ΔT in K. The specific heat capacity c is the energy to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1 K: E = mcΔθ.

温度是对粒子平均动能的量度；绝对零度（0 K = -273 °C）是理论上粒子运动停止的温度。摄氏温标使用与开尔文相同的分度大小，因此 °C 的温差 ΔT 等于 K 的差值。比热容 c 是将 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 K 所需的能量：E = mcΔθ。

The gas laws are connected through the ideal gas equation pV = nRT. Boyle's Law: pV = constant (T constant); Charles' Law: V/T = constant (p constant); Gay-Lussac's Law: p/T = constant (V constant). Memorise 'Boyle's Bends: p verses V curve bends; Charles' Straight: V-T graph straight line'.

气体定律通过理想气体方程 pV = nRT 连接起来。玻意耳定律：pV = 常数（T 不变）；查理定律：V/T = 常数（p 不变）；盖-吕萨克定律：p/T = 常数（V 不变）。记忆“玻意耳弯曲：p-V 图是双曲线；查理直线：V-T 图是直线”。

11. Quantum & Nuclear Physics | 量子与核物理

al surface only if the photon energy exceeds the work function φ. The stopping potential Vₛ gives the maximum kinetic energy: Eₖₘₐₓ = eVₛ = hf - φ. The term 'threshold frequency f₀' is the minimum frequency to eject electrons.

光子是能量包 E = hf = hc/λ。光电效应表明光具有粒子性：只有当光子能量大于逸出功 φ 时，金属表面才会发射电子。截止电压 Vₛ 给出最大动能：Eₖₘₐₓ = eVₛ = hf - φ。术语“阈频率 f₀”是使电子逸出的最小频率。

Nuclear notation: nuclide ᴬ rels (Bq); half-life t₁/₂ is the time for activity to halve. Fission splits a heavy nucleus; fusion joins light nuclei. Remember 'Fission splits like a fission cracker'.

核符号：核素 ᴬ₂X，其中 A 是质量数（质子+中子），Z 是原子序数。活度 A 是衰变率，单位贝克勒尔（Bq）；半衰期 t₁/₂ 是活度减半所需的时间。裂变使重核分裂；聚变使轻核结合。记住“裂变像鞭炮一样分裂”。

12. Vocabulary Memory Tips & Tricks | 词汇记忆技巧总结

Create acronyms: for the electromagnetic spectrum in order of decreasing wavelength, use 'Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns' (Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma). For resistor colour codes, 'Better Be Right Or Your Great Big Venture Goes West' helps recall digits 0-9. Link terms to everyday images: a 'capacitor' stores charge like a bucket stores water.

创造首字母缩写：对于按波长递减排列的电磁波谱，用“Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns”（无线电波、微波、红外、可见光、紫外、X射线、伽马射线）。对于电阻色码，“Better Be Right Or Your Great Big Venture Goes West”帮助回忆数字 0-9。将术语与日常图像关联：一个“电容器”储存电荷就像水桶储水。

nal reflection to a classmate using the critical angle formula sin θc = 1/n and the phrase 'from denser to rarer, angle greater than critical' f-quizzing solidifies neural pathways, turning short-term memory into long-term retention.

同伴教学是最有效的记忆技巧之一。向同学解释一个概念，如全内反射，使用临界角公式 sin θc = 1/n 和短语“从光密到光疏，入射角大于临界角”。制作自己的词汇表，将英文术语写在闪卡一面，中文定义和图示写在背面。定期自测可以巩固神经通路，将短期记忆转化为长期保持。

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