📚 Year 13 WJEC Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 13 WJEC 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Engineering terminology can feel overwhelming in Year 13, but linking each term to a vivid mental image or a simple wordplay makes retention effortless. This guide groups key WJEC vocabulary by topic and pairs every concept with a mnemonic, analogy, or visual cue to help you recall definitions quickly under exam pressure.
Year 13 的工程术语看似庞杂，但只要将每个术语与生动的心理图像或简单的文字游戏联系起来，记忆就会变得轻松。本指南按主题整理 WJEC 核心词汇，为每个概念搭配助记法、类比或视觉线索，帮助你在考试中快速唤醒定义。
1. Materials Science Terminology | 材料科学术语
Begin with the trio that appears in almost every materials question. Think of a spring being pulled: the force you apply creates an internal resistance (stress), the spring extends (strain), and the stiffness linking them is the modulus.
从几乎每道材料题都会出现的三剑客开始。想象拉伸一根弹簧：你施加的力产生内部阻力（应力），弹簧伸长（应变），而连接二者的刚度就是模量。
Stress (σ) – internal force per unit area, unit Pascal. Visualise σ as a tiny coil spring under tension; the curve of the letter mimics the shape of a loaded spring, reminding you that stress is the 'cause' of deformation.
应力 (σ) – 单位面积的内力，单位帕斯卡。将σ想象成承受张力的小螺旋弹簧；字母的弯曲形状模仿受载弹簧的轮廓，提醒你应力是变形的“因”。
Strain (ε) – extension per original length, dimensionless. See ε as a stretched letter 'e' on). Mnemonic: ε = extension / original length = ΔL / L₀. The subscript zero in L₀ signals 'original'.
应变 (ε) – 伸长量与原长之比，无量纲。将ε看作被拉长的字母“e”（延展）。助记口诀：ε = 伸长量 / 原长 = ΔL / L₀；L₀中的下标零代表“原始”。
Young's Modulus, E = σ / ε
杨氏模量 E = 应力 / 应变
Picture E as an elastic elevator: when stress goes up, strain rises proportionally, and E is the cable stiffness keeping the elevator steady.
将E想象成弹力电梯：应力上升时，应变按比例增加，E就是保持电梯平稳的缆绳刚度。
2. Mechanical Properties and Tests | 力学性能与测试
Two pairs that are frequently confused. Use 'tough' vs 'hard' everyday meanings: a leather jacket is tough (absorbs energy without tearing), while a diamond is hard (resists scratches). Fatigue is a marathon, creep is a slow melt.
两组常被混淆的概念。借助日常含义区分：皮夹克有韧性（吸收能量而不撕裂），钻石则坚硬（抵抗划痕）。疲劳是马拉松，蠕变是缓慢融化。
Toughness – energy absorbed up to fracture, area under the stress-strain curve. Think of a crash helmet absorbing impact: high toughness means more energy before breaking.
韧性 (Toughness) – 断裂前吸收的能量，即应力-应变曲线下的面积。想象安全帽吸收冲击：高韧性意味着断裂前能吸收更多能量。
Hardness – resistance to surface indentation or scratching. Link to the Mohs scale. Memory aid: 'Hard' hat vs 'tough' helmet; a hard surface resists a diamond probe, but it may shatter if brittle.
硬度 (Hardness) – 抵抗表面压痕或划痕的能力，参照莫氏硬度。记忆联想：硬帽子(坚硬) vs 韧性头盔；坚硬表面可抵抗金刚石压头，但若脆性大仍可能碎裂。
Fatigue – failure under repeated cyclic loading below yield stress. Imagine bending a paperclip back and forth until it snaps — it fatigues. The crack propagates with each cycle.
疲劳 (Fatigue) – 在低于屈服应力的反复循环载荷下失效。想象来回弯折回形针直至断裂——这就是疲劳。每个循环裂纹都会扩展。
Creep – flowing over decades. Mnemonic: Creep = Constant load, Really Extended Elongation Period.
蠕变 (Creep) – 高温下承受恒定应力时缓慢发生的永久变形。想象冰川历经数十年流动。助记：蠕变就是恒定载荷下极长时间的缓慢延伸。
3. Manufacturing Processes Lexicon | 制造工艺词汇
Shaping processes are often categorised by temperature and state. Remember: casting pours liquid into mould, forging hammers solid into shape. For joining, welding fuses parent metals; brazing and soldering use a filler metal without melting the base.
成形工艺常按温度和物态分类。记住：铸造是将液态倒入模具，锻造是锤打固态成形。连接工艺中，焊接熔化母材；钎焊和软钎焊则使用填充金属但不熔化母材。
Casting – molten metal poured into a mould cavity and solidified. Think 'cast a spell' where liquid metal transforms into a solid shape inside the mould.
铸造 (Casting) – 熔融金属浇入模腔后凝固。联想“施法 (cast a spell)”：液态金属在模内变成固态形状。
Forging – compressive forces shape solid metal, often hot, improving grain flow. Visualise a blacksmith's hammer: 'force' ⇒ 'forge', applying force to refine structure.
锻造 (Forging) – 用压力使固态金属（常加热）成形，改善纤维流向。想象铁匠的锤子：force ⇒ forge，通过施力细化组织。
Welding vs Brazing/Soldering – Welding melts parent metals; brazing (>450 °C) and soldering (<450 °C) only melt the filler. Mnemonic: 'We Melt Everything' for Welding, 'Borrow filler' for Brazing, 'Soft heat' for Soldering.
焊接 vs 钎焊/软钎焊 – 焊接熔化母材；钎焊（>450°C）和软钎焊（<450°C）仅熔化填充金属。助记：Welding = We Melt Everything；Brazing = 借填充物；Soldering = 低温软热。
4. Mechanical Systems and Motion | 机械系统与运动
Rotary-to-linear conversion often appears in exam problems. Link gears to torque-multiplying bicycles; cams to engine valves; linkages to windscreen wipers.
旋转与直线运动的转换常出现在考题中。将齿轮联系到可倍增扭矩的自行车，凸轮联想到发动机气门，连杆机构联想到雨刮器。
Gear Ratio – ratio of teeth on driven gear to teeth on driver gear. Mnemonic: 'Ratio = Revolutions Out / Revolutions In' ng a large follower increases torque, reduces speed. Think of hill-climbing bicycle gears.
齿轮比 – 从动轮齿数与主动轮齿数之比。助记：速比是输出转数分之输入转数，但齿数比相反。小齿轮带动大齿轮增加扭矩、降低转速，联想爬坡自行车档位。
Torque (τ) – of a force, τ = F × d. The symbol τ resembles a spanner about to rotate a bolt. Unit: N·m.
扭矩 (τ) – 力的转动效应，τ = F × d。符号τ像一把即将旋转螺栓的扳手。单位：N·m。
Linkage vs Cam – is a rotating profile pushing a follower. Memory: Linkage = little linked bars; Cam = the 'bump' on the shaft.
连杆机构与凸轮 – 连杆机构通过铰接刚性杆转换运动；凸轮是旋转轮廓推动从动件。记忆：Linkage = 许多小连杆连接；Cam = 轴上的“凸包”。
5. Electronics and Control Vocabulary | 电子与控制词汇
Sensing and actuation form the feedback loop. Mnemonic: Sensor Senses, Actuator Acts. For signals, think of PWM as a dimmer switch, ADC as translating an analogue voice into digital steps.
传感与执行构成反馈回路。助记：Sensor 负责感知 (Sense)，Actuator 负责执行 (Act)。信号方面，将 PWM 想象成调光开关，ADC 是把模拟声音翻译成数字台阶的翻译器。
Sensor – converts a physical stimulus (temperature, light) into an electrical signal. Example: thermistor. 'Sens'or starts with 'sense'.
传感器 (Sensor) – 将物理刺激（温度、光照）转换为电信号。例如热敏电阻。Sensor 以“sense”开头。
Actuator – converts a control signal into physical action (motor, solenoid). 'Act-uator' contains 'act', meaning to move or do.
执行器 (Actuator) – 将控制信号转换为物理动作（电机、螺线管）。Actuator 内含“act”（行动）。
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) – ge power by switching on/off rapidly. The width of the pulse changes, like adjusting a tap's opening time to fill a cup. High duty cycle ≈ more power.
脉宽调制 (PWM) – 通过快速开关控制平均功率。脉冲宽度变化，如同调节水龙头开启时间来注满杯子。高占空比 ≈ 更大功率。
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) – samples a continuous signal and turns it into discrete numbers. Picture a staircase approximating a smooth slope: each step is a digital level.
模数转换器 (ADC) – 采样连续信号并转为离散数字。想象用阶梯逼近光滑斜坡：每个台阶是一个数字电平。
6. Structural Mechanics Terms | 结构力学术语
Visualise a simply supported beam with a load. The internal shear force tries to slice the beam; the bending moment tries to curve it. Buckling is the sudden sideways collapse of a slender column.
想象一根简支梁承受载荷。内部剪力试图剪切梁，弯矩则试图使其弯曲。失稳（屈曲）是细长柱突然侧向坍塌的现象。
Shear Force (V) – internal force acting parallel to the cross-section. Think of garden shears cutting a stem: the blades slide past each other. An SF diagram climbs or drops at point loads.
剪力 (V) – 平行于截面的内力。想象园艺剪剪切枝干：刀刃相互交错滑动。剪力图在集中载荷处上升或下降。
Bending Moment (M) – tendency to rotate a beam, causing tension on one side, compression on the other. Mnemonic: 'Moment makes it smile (sag) or frown (hog).' Maximum M often occurs where shear changes sign.
弯矩 (M) – 使梁发生旋转的趋势，一侧受拉、一侧受压。助记：弯矩会让梁微笑（下挠）或皱眉（上拱）。最大弯矩常出现在剪力符号改变处。
Buckling – sudden structural instability under compression. Think of stepping on an empty soda can: it buckles sideways. Slenderness ratio (L/k) is key.
屈曲 (Buckling) – 受压时突然的结构失稳。想象踩踏空易拉罐：它从侧面塌毁。关键参数是长细比 (L/k)。
7. Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics | 热力学与流体力学
Two abstract properties govern energy and disorder. Think of enthalpy as total energy, entropy as 'spread' of energy. For fluids, Bernoulli links speed and pressure — like an airplane wing.
两个抽象属性支配着能量与无序度。将焓视为总能量，熵视为能量的“蔓延”。流体中，伯努利联系速度与压强——如同机翼。
Enthalpy (H) – Imagine a hot balloon: internal energy U plus the work to make room for the balloon (PV). 'Enthalpy' sounds like 'entire heat'.
焓 (H) – H = U + PV，总热含量。想象一个热气球：内能U加上为气球腾出空间所做的功(PV)。“Enthalpy”谐音“恩缩赔”，可联想为全部热能。
Entropy (S) – measure of disorder or energy dispersal. Nature always moves to higher S. Memory: 'Entropy always Enters' or imagine a messy room tending to get messier.
熵 (S) – 无序度或能量分散的量度。自然过程总朝熵增方向进行。记忆：将熵比作不断“伤”失秩序的进程，像房间自然变乱。
Bernoulli's Principle – faster fluid ⇒ tant. Imagine air rushing over a wing: high speed above gives low pressure, creating lift.
伯努利原理 – 流速越高，压强越低。方程：p + ½ρv² + ρgh = 常数。想象空气流过机翼上表面快速，产生低压，形成升力。
8. Project Management and Systems Engineering | 项目管理与系统工程
Planning and logic dominate this topic. A Gantt chart is a calendar view; a critical path is the longest chain of dependent tasks. Control systems compare open-loop (no feedback) to closed-loop (autocorrection).
规划与逻辑主导此主题。甘特图是日历视图；关键路径是相互依赖任务的最长链。控制系统对比开环（无反馈）与闭环（自校正）。
Gantt Chart – horizontal bar chart showing tasks' start, duration, and finish. Think 'grants' of time for each task. Overlapping bars show parallelism.
甘特图 – 横向条形图，展示任务的开始、持续与结束。联想“甘”心把时间“特”意分配给每个任务。重叠框表示并行。
Critical Path – the sequence of tasks with zero float; any delay delays the project. Highlight it in red on the network diagram. Mnemonic: 'If a task is critical, you have no slack to criticise it.'
关键路径 – 浮动时间为零的任务序列，任何延迟都会推迟整个项目。在网络图中用红色标出。助记：关键任务没有松弛时间去批评它。
Open-loop vs Closed-loop – Open-loop: output has no influence on input (e.g., toaster with timer). Closed-loop: feedback adjusts input (thermostat). Remember 'Closed' has the 'C' of 'Correction'.
开环与闭环 – 开环：输出不影响输入（如定时烤面包机）。闭环：反馈调整输入（恒温器）。记法：Closed 包含 Correction（校正）。
9. Design and Development Tools | 设计与开发工具
Digital tools speed up iteration. CAD models virtually; FEA analyses stress under loads. PDS defines exactly what must be achieved – your design 'contract'.
数字工具加速迭代。CAD 进行虚拟建模；FEA 分析载荷下的应力。PDS 精确界定必须达成的目标——你的设计“合同”。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – 2D or 3D software for drafting and modelling. Think 'Computer Aids Drawing'. Parametric CAD allows changes that ripple through the model.
计算机辅助设计 (CAD) – 用于制图与建模的二维或三维软件。联想“Computer Aids Drawing”。参数化 CAD 允许修改自动更新整个模型。
FEA (Finite Element Analysis) – divides a structure into small elements to compute stress, strain, displacement. Visualise a bridge broken into tiny cubes, each colour-coded for stress. 'Finite' means finite number of elements.
有限元分析 (FEA) – 将结构划分为小单元，计算应力、应变、位移。想象一座桥被拆分成彩色应力小方块。“有限”指有限数量的单元。
Product Design Specification (PDS) – standards). Mnemonic: PDS = Promise of Design Statements. It is the benchmark for testing.
产品设计规格 (PDS) – 罗列所有需求（性能、成本、材料、标准）的文件。记忆：PDS = 产品设计承诺书。它是测试的基准。
10. Quality, Testing and Standards | 质量、测试与标准
Testing validates design properties. Tensile testing pulls a specimen to get yield strength and UTS; NDT inspects without damage. Calibration aligns instruments with standards.
测试用来验证设计属性。拉伸试验拉拔试样以获得屈服强度和抗拉强度；无损检测在不破坏的情况下进行检查。校准使仪器与标准对齐。
Tensile Test – a specimen is stretched until fracture to plot stress-strain. Key points: yield strength (start of plastic deformation), UTS (maximum stress), and necking. Imagine a dog-bone specimen being pulled in a hoist.
拉伸试验 – 拉伸试样直至断裂，绘制应力-应变图。关键点：屈服强度（塑性变形开始）、抗拉强度（最大应力）及颈缩。想象狗骨试样在拉力机上被拉伸。
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) – estroying the part. Vital for aircraft components. Mnemonic: NDT = No Destruction To part.
无损检测 (NDT) – 超声、渗透、磁粉等方法，不破坏零件即可检出缺陷。对航空部件至关重要。记忆：NDT = 对零件无破坏的测试。
Tolerance and Calibration – Tolerance is the allowed deviation from a dimension. Calibration compares instrument output to a known standard. 'Tolerance' is 'how much you can tolerate' before rejection. 'Calibration' ensures you
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