📚 Vocabulary Terms Memory Guide for Year 13 WJEC Philosophy | Year 13 WJEC 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the technical vocabulary of Philosophy is essential for success in the Year 13 WJEC course. This guide provides clear definitions and memorable memory aids for the most important terms you will encounter across epistemology, philosophy of religion, ethics, and mind. Each entry is designed to help you recall key concepts quickly and accurately in exam conditions.
掌握哲学术语是 Year 13 WJEC 课程成功的关键。本指南为你提供认识论、宗教哲学、伦理学和心灵哲学中最重要术语的清晰定义和易于记忆的技巧。每个条目都旨在帮助你在考试中快速准确地回忆起这些关键概念。
1. A Priori & A Posteriori Knowledge | 先验与后验知识
A Priori: e : knowledge that is justified independently of sense experience (e.g., 2 + 2 = 4). Memory tip: think prior to experience – you can know it just by thinking.
先验：不依赖于感觉经验即可被证明的知识（例如 2 + 2 = 4）。记忆技巧：想想“在经验之前”——你仅凭思考就能知道它。
A Posteriori: knowledge that depends on sense experience for its justification (e.g., ‘The cat is on the mat’). Memory tip: post means after – you need experience after you look.
后验：依赖感觉经验来证明的知识（例如“猫在垫子上”）。记忆技巧：post 意为之后——你需要观察之后才能获得经验。
2. Analytic & Synthetic Propositions | 分析命题与综合命题
Analytic: a proposition that is true solely by virtue of the meanings of the words (e.g., ‘All bachelors are unmarried men’). Memory tip: Analyse the terms in the sentence; the predicate is contained in the subject.
分析命题：仅凭词语的意义即为真的命题（例如“所有单身汉都是未婚男子”）。记忆技巧：分析句子中的词语；谓词包含在主词之中。
Synthetic: a proposition whose truth depends on how the world is, not just on meanings (e.g., ‘The cat is on the mat’). Memory tip: Synthesis of experience – you need to go out and check.
综合命题：其真假取决于世界的实际情况，而不仅仅取决于词义（例如“猫在垫子上”）。记忆技巧：经验的综合——你需要走出去核实。
3. Ontological, Cosmological & Teleological Arguments | 本体论、宇宙论与目的论论证
Ontological Argument: argues for God’s existence from the very concept of God (e.g., Anselm’s definition: ‘that than which nothing greater can be conceived’). Memory tip: Ontos (Greek for ‘being’) – it starts purely from the idea of a perfect being.
本体论论证：从上帝的概念本身出发论证上帝存在（例如安瑟伦的定义：“无法设想比之更伟大的存在”）。记忆技巧：Ontos（希腊语“存在”）——它纯粹从完美存在的观念出发。
Cosmological Argument: argues from the existence of the universe to a first cause or necessary being (e.g., Aquinas’ First Way). Memory tip: Cosmos = universe – look at the cosmos and ask why it exists.
宇宙论论证：从宇宙的存在论证第一因或必然存在（例如阿奎那的第一路）。记忆技巧：Cosmos = 宇宙——观察宇宙并追问它为何存在。
Teleological Argument: argues from apparent design or purpose in the world to an intelligent designer (e.g., Paley’s watchmaker). Memory tip: Telos = purpose/end – looks for purpose in nature.
目的论论证：从世界中显现的设计或目的论证智慧的设计者（例如佩利的钟表匠）。记忆技巧：Telos = 目的/终点——在自然中寻找目的。
4. Theodicy & Defence | 神正论与辩护
Theodicy: an attempt to justify God’s goodness and omnipotence in the face of evil (e.g., Augustine’s free-will theodicy). Memory tip: Theo-dicy – ‘God-justice’; it explains why God is just.
神正论：试图在恶的存在面前为上帝的善与全能进行辩护（例如奥古斯丁的自由意志神正论）。记忆技巧：Theo-dicy——“上帝-正义”；它解释上帝为何是正义的。
Defence: a weaker claim that the existence of evil is not logically inconsistent with God’s existence, without fully explaining it (e.g., Plantinga’s free will defence). Memory tip: a defence merely blocks the charge of contradiction; it doesn’t need to give a full explanation.
辩护：较弱的宣称，即恶的存在与上帝的存在在逻辑上并不矛盾，但不完全解释恶（例如普兰丁格的自由意志辩护）。记忆技巧：辩护只是阻挡矛盾指控，不需要给出完整解释。
5. Dualism, Materialism & Functionalism | 二元论、唯物主义与功能主义
Substance Dualism: the view that mind and body are two distinct substances (Descartes). Memory tip: Dual-ism = two separate things; mind is non-physical thinking stuff.
实体二元论：认为心灵和身体是两种不同的实体（笛卡尔）。记忆技巧：Dual-ism = 两种不同的东西；心灵是非物理的思维之物。
Materialism (Physicalism): the view that mental states are identical to brain states; only matter exists. Memory tip: Matter only – mind is what the brain does.
唯物主义（物理主义）：认为心理状态等同于大脑状态；只有物质存在。记忆技巧：唯物质——心灵是大脑的活动。
Functionalism: mental states are defined by their causal roles (functions) rather than by what they are made of. Memory tip: Function – it’s not about the stuff, but what it does.
功能主义：心理状态由其因果角色（功能）定义，而非由其构成材料定义。记忆技巧：功能——不关心是什么材料，只关心它做什么。
6. Utilitarianism, Deontology & Virtue Ethics | 功利主义、义务论与美德伦理学
Utilitarianism: the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number (Bentham, Mill). Memory tip: Util-ity – maximize overall utility/happiness.
功利主义：道德上正确的行为就是为最大多数人带来最大幸福的行为（边沁、密尔）。记忆技巧：Util-ity（效用）——最大化总体效用/幸福。
Deontology: duties or rules determine the rightness of an action, regardless of consequences (Kant). Memory tip: Deon (Greek for ‘duty’) – follow the moral law.
义务论：义务或规则决定行为的对错，而不看后果（康德）。记忆技巧：Deon（希腊语“义务”）——遵循道德法则。
Virtue Ethics: focuses on the moral character of the agent rather than specific actions (Aristotle). Memory tip: Virtue = moral excellence – be a good person, act from virtues.
美德伦理学：关注行为者的道德品质而非具体行为（亚里士多德）。记忆技巧：Virtue（美德）= 道德卓越——做一个好人，从美德出发行动。
7. Compatibilism, Libertarianism & Hard Determinism | 相容论、自由意志论与强硬决定论
Hard Determinism: everything is determined; therefore free will is an illusion. Memory tip: Hard – no freedom at all.
强硬决定论：一切皆被决定；因此自由意志是幻觉。记忆技巧：Hard（强硬）——完全没有自由。
Libertarianism (in free will): human actions are not fully determined; we have genuine free will. Memory tip: Liberty = freedom – it requires indeterminism.
自由意志论：人类行为并非完全被决定；我们拥有真正的自由意志。记忆技巧：Liberty（自由）= 自由——需要非决定论。
Compatibilism: free will and determinism can coexist; free will is acting according to one’s desires without coercion. Memory tip: Compatible – they can work together.
相容论：自由意志与决定论可以并存；自由意志是不受强制地按照自己的欲望行动。记忆技巧：Compatible（相容）——它们可以共存。
8. Cognitivism, Non-Cognitivism & Moral Naturalism | 认知主义、非认知主义与道德自然主义
Cognitivism: moral statements express beliefs that can be true or false (e.g., ‘Murder is wrong’ is a factual claim). Memory tip: Cognit-ive – it’s about knowledge; you can know whether it’s true.
认知主义：道德陈述表达的是可以为真或为假的信念（例如“谋杀是错的”是一个事实主张）。记忆技巧：Cognit-ive（认知）——关乎知识；你可以知道它是否为真。
Non-Cognitivism: moral statements do not express true/false beliefs but attitudes or emotions (e.g., ‘Boo to murder!’). Memory tip: Non-cognitive – not factual; just an emotional reaction.
非认知主义：道德陈述不表达真假信念，而是表达态度或情感（例如“谋杀呸！”）。记忆技巧：非认知——非事实；只是情感反应。
Moral Naturalism: moral properties are identical to natural properties (e.g., ‘good’ = ‘pleasure’). Memory tip: Natural – goodness exists in the natural world, discoverable by science.
道德自然主义：道德属性等同于自然属性（例如“善”=“快乐”）。记忆技巧：Natural（自然）——善存在于自然界，可由科学发现。
9. Religious Language: Via Negativa, Analogy & Symbol | 宗教语言：否定之路、类比与象征
Via Negativa (Apophatic way): describing God by saying what He is not (e.g., God is not limited, not mortal). Memory tip: Negativa = negative – only negative statements can be safe.
否定之路：通过说上帝不是什么来描述上帝（例如上帝不是有限的，不是有朽的）。记忆技巧：Negativa（否定）——只有否定性的陈述才是安全的。
Analogy of attribution and proportionality: words apply to God and creatures in a related but not identical sense (e.g., a dog is loyal vs. God is loyal). Memory tip: Analogy – similar but not the same; like scaling up a proportion.
归属类比与比例类比：词语以相关但不等同的含义应用于上帝和受造物（例如狗是忠诚的与上帝是忠诚的）。记忆技巧：Analogy（类比）——相似但不相同；如同比例放大。
Religious symbol: a symbol that participates in the divine reality it represents (Tillich). Memory tip: Symbol – goes beyond a mere sign; it opens up deeper levels of reality.
宗教象征：一种参与其所代表的神性实在的象征（蒂利希）。记忆技巧：Symbol（象征）——超越单纯符号；它开启实在的更深刻层次。
10. Validity, Soundness & Circularity | 有效性、可靠性与循环论证
Validity: an argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises (structure only, not truth). Memory tip: Valid = logical shape; if premises were true, conclusion would have to be true.
有效性：如果一个论证的结论能从前提逻辑地推出，则该论证有效（仅看结构，不看真假）。记忆技巧：有效 = 逻辑形式；如果前提为真，结论必然为真。
Soundness: a valid argument with all true premises. Memory tip: Sound = valid + true premises; a sound argument guarantees a true conclusion.
可靠性：一个有效且所有前提都为真的论证。记忆技巧：可靠 = 有效 + 真实前提；可靠的论证保证结论为真。
Circularity (begging the question): the conclusion is assumed in the premises. Memory tip: Circular reasoning – going around in a circle; the argument proves nothing new.
循环论证（乞题）：结论被预设在了前提之中。记忆技巧：循环推理——原地打转；论证无法证明新东西。
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