📚 Year 13 WJEC Politics: Terminology Memory Aid Guide | WJEC 13年级政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary of politics is not just about memorising definitions; it is about internalising concepts so you can use them fluently in essays and source-based questions. This revision guide pairs every key term with a memory aid to help you recall, understand, and apply terminology confidently across the WJEC Year 13 specification – covering UK, US, and global politics.
掌握精准的政治词汇不仅仅是背诵定义，更是要内化为自己的知识，从而在论文和材料分析题中自如运用。这份速记指南为每个关键术语搭配了记忆辅助，帮助你在 WJEC 13 年级的政治课程中自信地回忆、理解和应用术语，内容涵盖英国、美国和全球政治。
1. Power, Authority, and Sovereignty | 权力、权威与主权核心概念
Power refers to the capacity of an individual or group to influence the behaviour of others, even against resistance. Memory aid: Think of 'P' for 'Pressure' – power pushes people to act.
权力 指个人或群体影响他人行为的能力，即使遇到抵抗也能施加影响。记忆技巧：将 'P' 想象成 'Pressure'（压力）——权力推动人们采取行动。
Authority is legitimate power; the right to give orders and expect obedience because the ruler is accepted as having the right to rule. Memory aid: 'Authority' contains 'Author' – an author is recognised as the rightful creator.
权威 即合法化的权力；它是指挥并要求服从的权利，因为统治者被公认具有统治的资格。记忆技巧：'Authority' 里面藏着 'Author'（作者）——作者被认可为合法的创作者。
Legitimacy means the belief that a government has the right to rule, often derived from consent, tradition, or legal frameworks. Aid: 'Legit' sounds like 'legal' – rule through accepted law.
合法性 指人们相信一个政府拥有统治权利，通常源于同意、传统或法律框架。记忆联想：'Legit' 发音像 'legal'（合法的）——通过公认的法律进行统治。
Sovereignty is the supreme and unrestricted power of a state to govern itself without external interference. Aid: 'Sovereign' – think of a singular 'reign' (rule) over a realm.
主权 是一个国家不受外部干涉、至高无上的自治权。记忆技巧：'Sovereign' – 想象成一个唯一的 'reign'（统治）笼罩整个王国。
2. Democracy and Participation | 民主与参与
Direct democracy describes a system in which citizens vote directly on policy decisions, as in a referendum. Aid: 'Direct' means no middleman – your voice goes straight to the law.
直接民主 指公民直接对政策决定进行投票的制度，如全民公投。记忆技巧：'Direct' 就是没有中间人——你的声音直达法律。
Representative democracy is a system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Aid: 'Representative' – someone who 're-presents' your interests in parliament.
代议制民主 是公民选举代表来替自己做出决策的制度。记忆联想：'Representative'（代表）——在议会中重新呈现你利益的人。
Referendum is a popular vote on a single political question. Aid: 'Refer' back to the people to 'end' the debate – Refer-end-um.
全民公投 是针对单一政治议题进行的全民投票。记忆拆解：'Refer'（提交）回民众以 'end'（终结）争议——公投终结讨论。
Pressure group refers to an organised group seeking to influence government policy without seeking office. Aid: They apply 'pressure' like a pump inflating a tyre – persistent but not part of the machine.
压力集团 指试图影响政府政策但不寻求执政的有组织团体。记忆技巧：他们像给轮胎打气一样施加 'pressure'——持续但本身不是机器的一部分。
3. Constitutions and Rights | 宪法与权利
Codified constitution is a single written document outlining the powers and functions of government, as in the USA. Aid: 'Codified' sounds like 'code' – all locked in one legal code.
成文宪法 是以单一书面文件规定政府权力与职能的宪法，如美国宪法。记忆联想：'Codified' 像 'code'（代码）——所有规则锁在一部法典里。
Uncodified constitution is made up of multiple sources such as statutes, conventions, and common law, like the UK's. Aid: 'Un-codified' – no single code, spread across many documents.
不成文宪法 由法规、惯例和普通法等多种来源构成，如英国的宪法。记忆技巧：'Un-codified'——没有单一法典，散布在众多文件中。
Rule of law is the principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law. Aid: 'Rule' is not by rulers but by law; think of a 'ruler' (measuring stick) that measures everyone equally.
法治 原则是包括政府在内的所有人都受法律约束。记忆联想：'Rule' 不是统治者的 rule，而是法律的统治；想象一把尺子同样地衡量每个人。
Judicial review is the power of courts to review the actions of government and strike down ultra vires acts. Aid: 'Judicial' review – judges 'view' and check executive acts.
司法审查 是法院审查政府行为并撤销越权行为的权力。记忆联想：'Judicial'（司法的）审查——法官审视并检查行政行为。
4. Parliament and the Executive | 议会与行政机关
Parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament is the supreme legal authority; it can make or repeal any law. Aid: 'Parliament' sits 'sovereign' – no higher legal power in the land.
议会主权 指议会是最高的法律权威，可以制定或废除任何法律。记忆技巧：'Parliament' 处于 'sovereign'（君主）地位——在国内不存在更高的法律权力。
Prerogative powers are historic powers belonging to the monarch but exercised by the Prime Minister, such as dissolving Parliament. Aid: 'Pre-rogative' – rights that come before statute, born from royal privilege.
特权 是历史上属于君主但由首相行使的权力，如解散议会。记忆拆解：'Pre-rogative' – 在成文法之前就存在的权利，源于王室特权。
Collective responsibility requires all Cabinet ministers to publicly support government policy or resign. Aid: 'Collective' – the whole cabinet must sing from the same hymn sheet.
集体负责制 要求所有内阁大臣在公开场合支持政府政策，否则辞职。记忆技巧：'Collective'（集体）——整个内阁必须同声合唱。
Individual ministerial responsibility means ministers are accountable to Parliament for their personal conduct and the work of their department. Aid: 'Individual' – you alone carry your own department's weight.
大臣个人负责制 指大臣对其个人行为及其部门的工作向议会负责。记忆联想：'Individual'（个人）——你要独自承担自己部门的重量。
5. Devolution and Regional Governance | 分权与区域治理
Devolution is the transfer of some legislative powers from Westminster to regional bodies like the Scottish Parliament. Aid: 'De-volve' – power is handed 'down' to a lower level.
分权 是将部分立法权从威斯敏斯特移交给苏格兰议会等地区机构的制度。记忆技巧：'De-volve' – 权力向下传递。
Asymmetric devolution describes how different parts of the UK have varying degrees of self-government. Aid: 'Asymmetric' – not mirror images; Scotland has more power than a combined authority.
非对称分权 指英国不同地区拥有不同程度的自治权。记忆联想：'Asymmetric'（不对称）——不是镜像关系；苏格兰比联合管理局拥有更多权力。
Barnett formula determines the allocation of public spending to devolved administrations. Aid: Think of 'Barnett' as a 'bar-net' that distributes money proportionally.
巴奈特公式 决定对分权政府的公共支出分配。记忆技巧：'Barnett' 想象成一张 'bar-net'（栅栏网），按比例分配资金。
6. Electoral Systems and Voting | 选举制度与投票
First Past the Post (FPTP) is a plurality system where the candidate with the most votes wins, used for UK general elections. Aid: 'First' past the post – like a horse race; only one winner per constituency.
简单多数制 是得票最多者当选的多数制，用于英国大选。记忆联想：'First past the post'——如同赛马，每个选区只有一个胜者。
Proportional representation (PR) allocates seats in proportion to votes received. Aid: 'Proportional' – the share of votes mirrors the share of seats.
比例代表制 根据得票比例分配议席。记忆技巧：'Proportional'（比例的）——得票份额与议席份额成镜像。
Additional Member System (AMS) combines FPTP constituencies with regional lists to improve proportionality. Aid: 'Additional' members added on top to balance the first-past-the-post bias.
附加议员制 结合选区简单多数制和地区名单制，提高比例性。记忆技巧：额外 'Additional' 成员补上以平衡简单多数制的偏差。
Single Transferable Vote (STV) uses multi-member constituencies and voters rank candidates by preference. Aid: A 'Single' vote that 'Transfers' as candidates are eliminated.
单一可转移投票制 在多议席选区中，选民按偏好排列候选人。记忆技巧：一张 'Single' 票，随着候选人淘汰而 'Transfers'（转移）。
7. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态
Left wing ideology generally advocates for equality, welfare, and state intervention. Aid: 'Left' – think of 'Lift' up the disadvantaged through redistribution.
左翼 意识形态普遍主张平等、福利与国家干预。记忆联想：'Left' – 像 'Lift'（举起）弱势群体，通过再分配抬高他们。
Right wing ideology stresses individual freedom, free markets, and limited government. Aid: 'Right' – 'Write' your own path with minimal state interference.
右翼 意识形态强调个人自由、自由市场和小政府。记忆技巧：'Right' – 自己'Write'（书写）人生道路，国家干预最少。
Liberalism focuses on individual liberty, consent, and equality of opportunity. Aid: 'Liberal' – 'Liberty' is the core; you are free to pursue your own good.
自由主义 聚焦于个人自由、同意和机会平等。记忆联想：'Liberal' 的核心词根是 'Liberty'（自由）；自由追求个人幸福。
Conservatism values tradition, authority, and gradual change. Aid: 'Conserve' – to preserve what has been inherited from the past.
保守主义 重视传统、权威和渐进式变革。记忆技巧：'Conserve'（保存）——保存从过去继承下来的东西。
8. US Congress and Legislative Power | 美国国会与立法权
Bicameral wo means having two chambers; the US Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Aid: 'Bi' = two, 'camera' = chambers; think of a binocular view of legislation.
两院制 指拥有两个议院的体制；美国国会由参议院和众议院组成。记忆联想：'Bi' 是二，'camera' 是议院；像双筒望远镜观察立法。
Senate is the upper house with 100 members, two per state, serving six-year terms. Aid: 'Senate' sounds like 'senior' – the older, more deliberative chamber.
参议院 是由每州两名共计100名议员组成的上院，任期六年。记忆技巧：'Senate' 发音接近 'senior'（资深）——年纪更长、更审慎的议院。
House of Representatives is the lower house with 435 members apportioned by population. Aid: The 'House' that is closer to the people's pulse, representing population directly.
众议院 是按照人口比例分配435个席位的下院。记忆联想：贴近民意的 'House'，直接代表人口。
Filibuster is a prolonged speech used in the Senate to delay or block legislation. Aid: 'Filibuster' – think of a 'filibuster' bus that never stops talking.
冗长发言 是参议院中用于拖延或阻止立法的长时间演讲。记忆技巧：想象一辆 'filibuster' 巴士，滔滔不绝永不休止。
9. US Presidency and the Executive Branch | 美国总统与行政部门
Electoral College is the body that formally elects the US President, with 538 electors. Aid: 'College' here is not a school but a group – think of a 'college of electors' casting states' votes.
选举人团 是正式选举美国总统的机构，共有538名选举人。记忆联想：这里的 'College' 不是大学，而是一个团体——一群选举人投出各州的票。
Executive order is a directive issued by the President that has the force of law without congressional approval. Aid: 'Order' directly from the executive pen – like a CEO memo.
行政命令 是总统发布的具有法律效力的指令，无需国会批准。记忆技巧：直接从行政笔尖发出的 'Order'——就像CEO的备忘录。
Veto is the President's power to reject a bill passed by Congress. Aid: 'Veto' sounds like 'veto' (I forbid) – the Latin word for 'I forbid'.
否决权 是总统拒绝国会通过的法案的权力。记忆联想：'Veto' 在拉丁语中就是“我禁止”的意思。
Impeachment is the process by which the House brings charges against a federal official, leading to a trial in the Senate. Aid: 'Impeach' – to 'peach' on someone's misconduct.
弹劾 是众议院对联邦官员提出指控、由参议院审理的程序。记忆技巧：'Impeach'——告发某人的不当行为。
10. US Supreme Court and Civil Liberties | 美国最高法院与公民自由
Judicial review (US) ished in Marbury v Madison allows the Supreme Court to declare acts unconstitutional. Aid: 'Marbury' = 'Mar-bury' – the case that buried unconstitutional laws.
司法审查（美国） 通过马伯里诉麦迪逊案确立，允许最高法院宣布法律违宪。记忆联想：'Marbury'——埋葬违宪法令的案件。
Stare decisis means 'let the decision stand'; precedent should be followed. Aid: 'Stare decisis' – 'stare' at past decisions.
遵循先例 意指“维持已决之案”，应遵循判例。记忆技巧：盯着过去判决不放。
Affirmative action is a policy designed to increase opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups. Aid: 'Affirm' the advantage for those previously excluded – action to level the field.
平权行动 是旨在增加历史上弱势群体机会的政策。记忆联想：'Affirm'（肯定）给予曾被排斥者优势——通过行动拉平赛场。
Bill of Rights refers to the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, protecting individual freedoms. Aid: Think of a 'bill' handed to citizens listing their rights.
权利法案 指美国宪法前十修正案，保障个人自由。记忆技巧：想象一张交给公民、列明权利的清单。
11. Globalisation and State Sovereignty | 全球化与国家主权
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and political systems. Aid: 'Globe' + 'isation' – the world is shrinking into one globe.
全球化 是经济、文化和政治体系日益相互联系的过程。记忆联想：'Globe'（地球）+ 'isation' ——世界正缩小成一个地球村。
Supranational organisation is an entity where member states cede some sovereignty, like the EU. Aid: 'Supra' means above – above national level, beyond a single nation.
超国家组织 是成员国让渡部分主权的实体，如欧盟。记忆技巧：'Supra'（之上）——在国家层面之上，超越单一国家。
Intergovernmental organisation is based on cooperation between states without handing over sovereignty, like the UN. Aid: 'Inter' = between – governments work between each other.
政府间组织 建立在国家间合作的基础上，不交出主权，如联合国。记忆联想：'Inter'（之间）——政府之间合作。
12. Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention | 人权与人道主义干预
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document proclaiming inalienable rights for all. Aid: 'Universal' – for every universe of humanity; 'UDHR' sounds like 'you deserve human rights'.
世界人权宣言 是宣告所有人不可剥夺权利的里程碑文件。记忆技巧：'Universal'（普遍）——覆盖全人类；UDHR 像“你值得拥有人权”。
Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a global commitment to prevent genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Aid: 'R2P' – 'Rights 2 Protect' when a state fails.
保护责任 是预防灭绝种族罪、战争罪和危害人类罪的全球承诺。记忆联想：'R2P'——当国家失职时，有权介入保护。
Humanitarian intervention is the use of military force to protect civilians from massive human rights abuses. Aid: 'Humanitarian' – driven by human need, not national interest.
人道主义干预 是为保护平民免遭大规模人权侵犯而使用武力的行为。记忆技巧：'Humanitarian'（人道）——以人的需求为驱动，而非国家利益。
Non-governmental organisation (NGO) is a non-profit group working independently of governments on issues like human rights. Aid: 'NGO' – 'No Government Ownership' but driven by a global conscience.
非政府组织 是独立于政府运作的非营利团体，关注人权等议题。记忆联想：'NGO'——“无政府所有”，却由全球良知驱动。
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