📚 Year 12 CCEA Computer Science: Glossary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CCEA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is the first step towards success in CCEA Year 12 Computer Science. This guide presents essential terms paired with concise explanations and memory hooks to help you build confidence for your assessments.
掌握关键术语是 CCEA Year 12 计算机科学迈向成功的第一步。本指南为你准备了核心词汇，并配有精炼的解释和记忆钩子，帮助你建立应考信心。
1. System Architecture & Components | 系统架构与组件
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The core component that fetches, decodes and executes instructions, often called the 'brain' of the computer.
CPU（中央处理器）：取指、译码并执行指令的核心部件，常被称为计算机的“大脑”。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): The part of the CPU that handles all arithmetic calculations and logical comparisons (AND, OR, NOT).
ALU（算术逻辑单元）：CPU 中负责所有算术运算和逻辑比较（与、或、非）的部分。
Control Unit (CU): Directs the flow of data within the CPU and coordinates the activities of all other hardware components.
控制单元（CU）：指挥 CPU 内部的数据流动，并协调所有其他硬件组件的活动。
Register: A small, high-speed storage location inside the CPU used to hold data, instructions or addresses temporarily.
寄存器：CPU 内部的高速小型存储位置，用于临时存放数据、指令或地址。
Von Neumann Architecture: A stored-program concept where instructions and data share the same memory and buses, forming the basis of most modern computers.
冯·诺依曼架构：一种指令和数据共享同一内存与总线的存储程序理念，奠定了大多数现代计算机的基础。
Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle: The continuous process by which the CPU retrieves an instruction, interprets it, and carries out the required operation.
取指-译码-执行周期：CPU 不断重复的流程：获取一条指令，解释它，然后执行相应操作。
2. Memory & Storage | 内存与存储
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile main memory that stores data and programs currently in use; its contents are lost when power is switched off.
RAM（随机存取存储器）：易失性主存，存放当前正在使用的数据和程序；断电后内容丢失。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that retains its contents without power, typically holding the BIOS or firmware needed to boot the computer.
ROM（只读存储器）：非易失性存储器，断电后内容保持不变，通常存放启动计算机所需的 BIOS 或固件。
Cache Memory: Extremely fast memory located close to the CPU that temporarily holds frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up processing.
高速缓存：位于 CPU 附近的极速存储器，临时保存频繁使用的数据与指令以加速处理。
Virtual Memory: A technique that uses a portion of the hard disk as if it were RAM, allowing the system to run larger programs when physical RAM is full.
虚拟内存：使用硬盘的一部分作为 RAM 的扩展，当物理内存不足时允许系统运行更大的程序。
Secondary Storage: Non-volatile, long-term storage such as HDD, SSD, and optical discs, used to keep data and programs permanently.
辅助存储器：非易失性长期存储，如 HDD、SSD 和光盘，用于永久保存数据和程序。
Flash Memory: A type of solid-state, non-volatile storage used in USB drives and SSDs that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
闪存：一种固态非易失性存储，用于 USB 驱动器和 SSD，可电擦除并重新编程。
Volatile vs Non-Volatile: Volatile memory loses its content without power; non-volatile memory retains data even when the device is turned off.
易失性与非易失性：易失性存储器断电后丢失内容；非易失性存储器在关机后仍保留数据。
3. Networks & Communication | 网络与通信
LAN (Local Area Network): A network that connects computers within a limited area such as a school, office or home, using cables or Wi-Fi.
LAN（局域网）：在有限区域内（如学校、办公室或家庭）通过网线或 Wi-Fi 连接计算机的网络。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network covering a large geographical area, often composed of several LANs; the internet is the largest WAN.
WAN（广域网）：覆盖广阔地理区域的网络，常由多个局域网组成；互联网是最大的广域网。
Protocol: A set of rules that governs how data is transmitted and received across a network, e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP.
协议：一组管理网络数据传输与接收的规则，例如 TCP/IP、HTTP、FTP。
TCP/IP Stack: The layered suite of protocols that enables communication over the internet, split into Application, Transport, Internet and Link layers.
TCP/IP 协议栈：实现互联网通信的分层协议簇，分为应用层、传输层、网际层和链路层。
Packet Switching: A method of breaking data into packets, sending them via the most efficient route, and reassembling them at the destination.
包交换：将数据分割成数据包，通过最高效的路由发送，并在目标端重组的传输方法。
MAC Address: A unique hardware identifier assigned to each network interface card (NIC), used for addressing within a local network segment.
MAC 地址：分配给每块网卡 (NIC) 的唯一硬件标识符，用于本地网段内的寻址。
IP Address: A logical numerical label assigned to each device on a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
IP 地址：为网络上每个使用互联网协议通信的设备分配的逻辑数字标签。
4. Network Security | 网络安全
Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, ensuring data confidentiality during transmission.
加密：使用算法和密钥将明文转换为密文的过程，确保传输中的数据机密性。
Firewall: A hardware or software barrier that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
防火墙：基于预设安全规则监控并控制进出网络流量的硬件或软件屏障。
Malware: Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to computer systems; includes viruses, worms and trojans.
恶意软件：旨在损坏、破坏或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件；包括病毒、蠕虫和特洛伊木马。
Phishing: A social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or messages trick users into revealing sensitive information like passwords.
网络钓鱼：一种社会工程攻击，通过欺诈性邮件或消息诱骗用户泄露密码等敏感信息。
Denial of Service (DoS): An attack that overwhelms a system with traffic, making it unavailable to legitimate users.
拒绝服务攻击 (DoS)：用海量流量淹没系统，使其无法为合法用户提供服务的攻击。
Authentication: The process of verifying the identity of a user or device, often using passwords, biometrics or multi-factor methods.
身份验证：验证用户或设备身份的过程，常使用密码、生物识别或多因素方法。
Penetration Testing: Authorised simulated attacks on a system to evaluate its security and identify vulnerabilities before they are exploited.
渗透测试：对系统进行的授权模拟攻击，用于评估安全性并在漏洞被利用前找出隐患。
5. Data Representation | 数据表示
Bit: A binary digit, the smallest unit of data in computing, representing a logical state with value 0 or 1.
比特（位）：二进制数字，计算中最小的数据单位，用值 0 或 1 表示逻辑状态。
Byte: A group of 8 bits, typically used as the fundamental unit of storage; can represent 256 distinct values (2⁸).
字节：一组 8 位，常用作基本存储单位；可表示 256 个不同的值 (2⁸)。
Binary Number System: A base-2 numeral system using only the digits 0 and 1; essential for digital circuit design.
二进制数制：仅使用数字 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数制，是数字电路设计的基础。
Hexadecimal: A base-16 system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F, often employed as a compact way to represent binary values.
十六进制：基数为 16 的表示法，使用 0-9 和 A-F，常用作二进制值的简写形式。
Character Set: A defined list of characters and their corresponding binary codes; ASCII and Unicode are the most common examples.
字符集：一组定义好的字符及其对应二进制编码；ASCII 和 Unicode 是最常见的例子。
Unicode: An international character encoding standard designed to represent text from all the world's writing systems using unique code points.
Unicode：一种国际字符编码标准，旨在用唯一的码点表示世界上所有书写系统中的文字。
Pixel: The smallest controllable element of a digital image; its colour is typically represented by a combination of red, green and blue intensities.
像素：数字图像中最小的可控元素；其颜色通常由红、绿、蓝三原色强度组合表示。
Sampling (Sound): Measuring the amplitude of an analogue sound wave at regular intervals to convert it into digital form.
采样（声音）：以固定时间间隔测量模拟声波的幅度，将其转换为数字形式。
Decimal to Binary: sum of powers of 2 → 2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰
十进制转二进制：2 的幂次求和 → 2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰
6. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable: A named storage location in memory that can hold a value which may change during program execution.
变量：内存中一个已命名的存储位置，可保存一个在程序执行过程中可能发生变化的值。
Constant: A data item whose value is fixed and cannot be altered by the program while it is running.
常量：值固定、且在程序运行期间不可被程序改变的数据项。
Data Type: A classification specifying the kind of data a variable can hold; common types include integer, real, Boolean, character and string.
数据类型：规定变量可存放数据种类的分类；常见类型包括整型、实型、布尔型、字符型和字符串。
Sequence: The execution of statements one after another in the order they appear in the code.
顺序结构：按代码中出现的先后顺序逐条执行语句。
Selection: A programming construct that allows different paths of execution based on a condition; implemented with if, else and switch statements.
选择结构：根据条件选择不同执行路径的编程结构；通过 if、else 和 switch 语句实现。
Iteration: Repeating a block of code; known as looping. Can be count-controlled (for) or condition-controlled (while, do-while).
迭代（循环）：重复执行一段代码；可以是计数控制（for）或条件控制（while、do-while）。
Array: A data structure that stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same data type, accessible by an index.
数组：一种存储固定数量、同数据类型元素的有序集合的数据结构，可通过索引访问。
Subroutine/Function: A named block of code designed to perform a specific task, which can be called from other parts of the program.
子程序/函数：为执行特定任务而设计的命名代码块，可从程序其他部分调用。
7. Algorithms & Problem Solving | 算法与问题求解
Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a problem, often expressed in pseudocode, flowcharts or code.
算法：为解决某个问题而设计的一系列分步过程或规则，常用伪代码、流程图或代码表达。
Pseudocode: A human-readable, simplified representation of an algorithm that uses structural conventions but not strict syntax.
伪代码：一种人类可读的算法简化表示法，采用结构性约定但无严格语法。
Flowchart: A diagram using standard symbols (ovals, rectangles, diamonds) to visually represent the steps and decisions in an algorithm.
流程图：使用标准符号（椭圆形、矩形、菱形）直观展示算法中步骤和决策的图表。
Linear Search: A simple search algorithm that checks every element in a list sequentially until the target is found or the list ends.
线性搜索：逐个检查列表中每个元素，直到找到目标或列表结束的简单搜索算法。
Binary Search: An efficient search algorithm that works on sorted arrays by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half.
二分搜索：一种高效搜索算法，仅用于已排序数组，通过反复将搜索区间对半分来查找目标。
Bubble Sort: A simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent items and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.
冒泡排序：一种简单的排序算法，反复遍历列表，比较相邻项并在顺序错误时交换它们。
Trace Table: A technique used to test algorithms manually by recording the values of variables as each step is executed.
跟踪表：一种手动测试算法的技术，通过记录每一步执行后各变量的值来验证正确性。
8. Software Development & Ethics | 软件开发与伦理
System Software: Programs that manage and control the hardware so that application software can perform tasks; includes operating systems and utilities.
系统软件：管理并控制硬件以便应用软件执行任务的程序；包括操作系统和实用工具。
Application Software: Programs designed to carry out specific tasks for users, such as word processors, spreadsheets and web browsers.
应用软件：为用户执行特定任务而设计的程序，如字处理软件、电子表格和网页浏览器。
Open Source Software: Software whose source code is made freely available and may be redistributed and modified by anyone.
开源软件：源代码免费公开，任何人都可重新分发和修改的软件。
Proprietary Software: Software that is owned by an individual or company; source code is usually kept secret and use requires a licence.
专有软件：由个人或公司拥有的软件；源代码通常是保密的，使用需要授权许可。
Computer Ethics: A set of moral principles that govern the use of computers and information systems, addressing issues like privacy, ownership and accessibility.
计算机伦理：规范计算机和信息系统使用的一套道德准则，涉及隐私、所有权和可及性等问题。
Digital Divide: The gap between those who have access to digital technology and those who do not, often influenced by socioeconomic factors.
数字鸿沟：能接触到数字技术的人与不能接触到数字技术的人之间的差距，通常受社会经济因素影响。
Environmental Impact: The effect of computing on the environment, including energy consumption, e-waste and the carbon footprint of data centers.
环境影响：计算对环境造成的影响，包括能耗、电子垃圾和数据中心的碳足迹。
9. Database Concepts | 数据库概念
Database: A structured collection of data organised in a way that allows efficient access, retrieval and manipulation.
数据库：一种以允许高效访问、检索和操作的方式组织的结构化数据集。
Table (Relation): A set of related records arranged in rows and columns; each row represents a record and each column represents a field.
表（关系）：按行和列排列的相关记录的集合；每行代表一条记录，每列代表一个字段。
Primary Key: A field (or combination of fields) that uniquely identifies each record in a table; must contain unique, non-null values.
主键：唯一标识表中每条记录的一个字段（或字段组合）；值必须唯一且不能为空。
Foreign Key: A field in one table that matches the primary key of another table, used to establish links between records across tables.
外键：一张表中与另一张表的主键匹配的字段，用于在不同表的记录之间建立联系。
SQL (Structured Query Language): The standard language for querying and managing relational databases, using commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
SQL（结构化查询语言）：查询和管理关系数据库的标准语言，使用 SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE 等命令。
Data Redundancy: The unnecessary duplication of data within a database, which can lead to inconsistencies and increased storage space.
数据冗余：数据库中不必要的数据重复，可能导致不一致并浪费存储空间。
Data Integrity: The accuracy, consistency and reliability of data stored in a database, often enforced through constraints and validation.
数据完整性：数据库中数据的准确性、一致性和可靠性，常通过约束和验证来实施。
10. Legal & Computational Thinking | 法律与计算思维
Data Protection Act: UK legislation that regulates how personal data is processed and stored, giving rights to individuals and obligations to data controllers.
《数据保护法》：英国的立法，规范个人数据的处理与存储方式，赋予个人权利并规定数据控制者的义务。
Computer Misuse Act: UK law that makes it an offence to access or modify computer material without authorisation, including hacking and malware spreading.
《计算机滥用法》：英国法律，规定未经授权访问或修改计算机资料为违法行为，包括黑客攻击和传播恶意软件。
Copyright & Intellectual Property: Legal rights that protect the creator's original work from unauthorised use, covering software, music, text and digital content.
版权与知识产权：保护创作者原创作品免遭未经授权使用的合法权利，涵盖软件、音乐、文字和数字内容。
Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts that can be understood and solved individually.
分解：将一个复杂问题拆分成若干个更小、更易于理解和单独解决的部分。
Abstraction: The process of filtering out unnecessary details to focus on the essential characteristics of a problem or system.
抽象：过滤掉不必要的细节，专注于问题或系统的本质特征的过程。
Pattern Recognition: Identifying similarities or common patterns among problems to apply known solutions or predict outcomes.
模式识别：在不同问题间找出相似性或共同模式，从而应用已知解法或预测结果。
Algorithmic Thinking: The ability to define a clear, logical sequence of steps to solve a problem, forming the foundation of computational approaches.
算法思维：定义清晰的、有逻辑的步骤序列来解决问题的能力，是计算方法的基础。
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图