📚 Year 13 WJEC Psychology: Glossary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Memorising the extensive technical vocabulary required for Year 13 WJEC Psychology can feel overwhelming, but the right strategies transform it into a manageable and even enjoyable task. This guide organises essential terms by topic area, pairs each English definition with a clear Chinese equivalent, and embeds bite-sized memory tips to accelerate recall. Whether you are preparing for the Implications in the Real World paper or refining your terminology for the Personal Investigation, a structured approach will help you retain and apply these concepts under exam conditions.
记住 Year 13 WJEC 心理学所要求的大量专业术语可能会让人望而生畏，但正确的方法能将这项任务变得易于掌控，甚至充满乐趣。本指南按主题领域归纳核心术语，将每条英文定义与清晰的中文解释配对，并融入简短易用的记忆技巧以加快回忆速度。无论你是在为“现实世界中的意义”试卷做准备，还是为个人调查报告打磨术语，结构化的方法都能帮助你在考试条件下保持并运用这些概念。
1. Foundational and Historical Terminology | 基础与历史术语
Before diving into specific approaches, you need to grasp the terms that shaped psychology as a science. These concepts recur across multiple topics and exam questions, so a solid foundation will help you construct better evaluative arguments.
在深入学习具体流派之前，你需要掌握塑造心理学这门科学的那些术语。这些概念会反复出现在多个主题和考题中，因此扎实的基础有助于你写出更好的评述性论点。
Empiricism: The belief that knowledge comes from sensory experience, observation, and measurement rather than from innate ideas or intuition.
经验主义：认为知识来源于感官经验、观察和测量，而非先天观念或直觉。
Introspection: A method used by early structuralists that involves looking inward and reporting on one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.
内省法：早期构造主义者使用的一种方法，要求个体向内审视并报告自己的意识思维和感受。
Nature–nurture debate: The controversy over whether behaviour is determined by innate biological factors (nature) or by environmental and social experiences (nurture).
天性–教养之争：关于行为究竟由先天生物因素（天性）还是环境与社会经历（教养）决定的争议。
Determinism: The view that all behaviour is caused by prior events or forces and is therefore predictable, leaving no room for free will.
决定论：认为一切行为均由先前事件或力量引起、因而可以预测的观点，不给自由意志留有任何空间。
Reductionism: The approach of explaining complex phenomena by breaking them down into their simplest, most fundamental components.
还原论：通过将复杂现象分解为其最简单、最基本的成分来加以解释的取向。
Idiographic vs. nomothetic: Idiographic methods focus on in‑depth study of unique individuals, while nomothetic methods seek general laws applicable to large groups.
殊相研究 vs. 通则研究：殊相研究聚焦于对独特个体的深度考察，通则研究则寻求适用于大群体的一般规律。
Memory tip: Picture a courtroom: 'nature' is the DNA evidence, 'nurture' is the testimony about upbringing. For 'determinism vs. free will', imagine a line of dominoes (determinism) versus a person choosing which domino to push.
记忆技巧：想象一个法庭场景：“天性”是 DNA 证据，“教养”是关于成长经历的证词。对于“决定论与自由意志”，想象一排多米诺骨牌（决定论）与一个选择推倒哪张牌的人。
2. Behaviourist and Learning Terms | 行为主义与学习术语
Behaviourism offers a highly visible set of terms because every concept is tied to observable actions. WJEC questions often ask you to compare classical and operant conditioning, so distinguishing their terminology is essential.
行为主义提供了一套高度可见的术语，因为每个概念都与可观察的行动相关联。WJEC 考题经常要求你比较经典条件作用和操作性条件作用，因此区分它们的术语至关重要。
Classical conditioning: Learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a response.
经典条件作用：通过联想进行学习，中性刺激在与能自然引发反应的非条件刺激反复配对后，转变为条件刺激。
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that automatically triggers a response without any prior learning (e.g., food).
非条件刺激 (UCS)：无需任何先前学习就能自动引发反应的刺激（如食物）。
Conditioned response (CR): The learned response produced by the conditioned stimulus after association has taken place.
条件反应 (CR)：联想建立后，由条件刺激引发的习得性反应。
Operant conditioning: Learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences, including reinforcement and punishment.
操作性条件作用：行为通过其结果（强化与惩罚）被塑造和维持的学习过程。
Positive reinforcement: Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated.
正强化：增加一个愉悦刺激，以提高某一行为重复出现的可能性。
Negative reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated.
负强化：移除一个不愉快的刺激，以提高某一行为重复出现的可能性。
Punishment: Any consequence that reduces the probability of a behaviour occurring again.
惩罚：任何降低某一行为再次发生概率的结果。
Extinction: The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when reinforcement is withheld or the UCS is no longer paired with the CS.
消退：当强化被撤除或 UCS 不再与 CS 配对时，条件反应逐渐减弱并消失的过程。
Memory tip: Label a simple sketch of Pavlov's dog with UCS (food), CS (bell), CR (salivation). For operant conditioning, use the 'ACRONYM of consequences' – remember that reinforcement always strengthens, and 'positive' means adding something, 'negative' means taking something away.
记忆技巧：在一幅巴甫洛夫犬的简笔画上标注 UCS（食物）、CS（铃声）、CR（唾液）。对于操作性条件作用，牢记“结果的暗号”——强化总会增强行为，“正”指增加某物，“负”指移除某物。
3. Cognitive Approach Terminology | 认知术语
Cognitive psychology fills the exam with words describing internal mental processes. Being precise about models of memory and types of thinking will directly boost your performance on both short‑answer and essay questions.
认知心理学让试卷中充满了描述内部心理过程的词汇。准确掌握记忆模型和思维类型，能直接提升你在简答和论述题上的表现。
Schema: A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that helps organise and interpret information, derived from prior experience.
图式：一种由先前经验形成的、用来组织和解读信息的心理框架，包含信念和预期。
Cognitive bias: A systematic error in thinking that affects the decisions and judgments people make.
认知偏差：思维中的系统性错误，影响人们做出的决策和判断。
Working Memory Model: Baddeley and Hitch's model featuring the central executive, phonological loop, visuo‑spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
工作记忆模型：巴德利和希奇提出的模型，包含中央执行器、语音回路、视空间画板和情景缓冲区。
Central executive: The component that directs attention, coordinates slave systems, and handles cognitive tasks such as problem‑solving.
中央执行器：负责引导注意、协调附属系统并处理如问题解决等认知任务的组件。
Long‑term memory (LTM): The relatively permanent store holding semantic, episodic, and procedural memories.
长时记忆 (LTM)：相对持久的存储器，容纳语义记忆、情景记忆和程序性记忆。
Encoding: The process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory.
编码：将感官输入转化为可存入记忆的形式的过程。
Retrieval failure: A cause of forgetting due to the absence of appropriate cues at the time of recall.
提取失败：由回忆时缺少适当线索导致的遗忘原因。
Memory tip: The Working Memory Model can be remembered through 'CE-PL-VSS-EB' – 'Charlie Eats Pasta, Loves Very Sharp Sauce, Enjoys Bread'. Mini‑stories help bind the components together.
记忆技巧：工作记忆模型可以借助“CE-PL-VSS-EB”来记忆——“查理吃意面，超爱辣酱，享受面包”，小故事有助于将各个组件联结起来。
4. Biological Approach Terminology | 生物心理学
Biological terms often sound intimidating, but they follow consistent patterns. Once you learn a few root words, you can decode almost any term relating to the brain, neurotransmitters, or genetics.
生物学术语常听起来令人畏惧，但它们遵循一致的模式。一旦掌握几个词根，你几乎就可以破解任何与大脑、神经递质或遗传学相关的术语。
Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger released from a presynaptic neuron that carries signals across the synapse to a postsynaptic neuron.
神经递质：从突触前神经元释放的化学信使，跨越突触将信号传递至突触后神经元。
Synapse: The tiny gap between neurons where chemical transmission occurs.
突触：神经元之间发生化学传递的微小间隙。
Reuptake: The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron after being released.
再摄取：神经递质被释放后，重新被吸收回突触前神经元的过程。
Agonist: A substance that binds to a receptor and mimics or enhances the action of a natural neurotransmitter.
激动剂：与受体结合并模拟或增强天然神经递质作用的物质。
Autonomic nervous system (ANS): The part of the peripheral nervous system controlling involuntary functions; it divides into the sympathetic (fight‑or‑flight) and parasympathetic (rest‑and‑digest) branches.
自主神经系统 (ANS)：外周神经系统控制非自主功能的部分，分为交感神经（战斗或逃跑）和副交感神经（休息与消化）分支。
Genotype: The genetic makeup or set of genes an individual inherits.
基因型：个体所继承的遗传组成或整套基因。
Phenotype: The observable characteristics of an individual, resulting from the interaction of genotype with the environment.
表现型：由基因型与环境相互作用产生的个体可观察特征。
Concordance rate: The percentage of twin pairs or relatives who share a particular trait or disorder.
一致率：共患某一特征或障碍的双生子或亲属对的百分比。
Memory tip: Imagine a lock‑and‑key model for neurotransmitter–receptor action: the agonist is a master key that copies the original, while the antagonist blocks the lock. For ANS, sketch an arrow from 'sympathetic' to a racing heart and from 'parasympathetic' to a sleeping face.
记忆技巧：想象神经递质与受体的“锁钥模型”：激动剂是复制原版的万能钥匙，拮抗剂则堵住锁孔。对于 ANS，画一条从“交感”指向心跳加速的箭头，再从“副交感”指向熟睡的脸庞。
5. Social and Positive Psychology Terms | 社会与积极心理学
Social psychology terminology helps you explain why people conform, obey, or identify with groups, while positive psychology adds concepts that promote well‑being. Both feature prominently in WJEC Unit 3 applications.
社会心理学术语帮助你解释人们为何从众、服从或认同群体，积极心理学则补充了促进幸福感的概念。两者均在 WJEC 第三单元的考题中占有突出地位。
Conformity: A change in behaviour or belief to align with a group norm, often due to real or imagined social pressure.
从众：为与群体规范保持一致而在行为或信念上发生的改变，通常源于真实或想象的社会压力。
Normative social influence (NSI): Conforming to be liked or accepted by a group, driven by the desire to avoid rejection.
规范性社会影响 (NSI)：为了被群体喜欢或接纳而从众，动机是避免被拒绝。
Informational social influence (ISI): Conforming because one believes the group possesses correct knowledge, especially in ambiguous situations.
信息性社会影响 (ISI)：因相信群体掌握正确知识而从众，尤其在情境模棱两可时。
Obedience: Complying with a direct order from an authority figure, even if it conflicts with personal values.
服从：遵从权威人物的直接命令，哪怕与个人价值观相冲突。
Agentic state: Milgram's concept in which individuals shift responsibility for their actions to an authority figure, seeing themselves merely as agents.
代理状态：米尔格拉姆提出的概念，指个体将自己的行为责任转移给权威人物，自视仅为执行工具。
Social identity theory (SIT): Tajfel's theory suggesting that part of our self‑concept comes from perceived membership in social groups, leading to in‑group favouritism and out‑group discrimination.
社会认同理论 (SIT)：塔杰费尔的理论，指出个体的自我概念部分来源于对社会群体的成员身份的感知，并由此产生内群体偏爱和外群体歧视。
Flow: A state of deep immersion and enjoyment in an activity where challenge and skill are evenly matched, a key concept in positive psychology.
心流：积极心理学中的关键概念，指个体在挑战与技能平衡时全身心投入并享受某项活动的高度沉浸状态。
Mindfulness: The practice of purposefully paying attention to the present moment without judgement, often used to enhance well‑being.
正念：有意识地、不加评判地关注当下的练习，常用于提升幸福感。
Memory tip: For types of conformity, use the comic 'Three little pigs': Compliance (pig builds house because wolf says so), Identification (pig admires the wolf), Internalisation (pig genuinely believes brick is best). For SIT, draw three interlocking circles: self‑identity, in‑group, out‑group.
记忆技巧：有关从众类型，借用“三只小猪”漫画：顺从（小猪因狼命令而建屋）、认同（小猪崇拜狼）、内化（小猪真心相信砖房最好）。对于 SIT，画三个连环圈：自己、内群体、外群体。
6. Individual Differences and Psychopathology | 个体差异与心理病理学
This area demands precise definitions of abnormality alongside diagnostic terminology. WJEC frequently asks you to evaluate the four definitions of abnormality, so linking each definition to a memorable example will strengthen your responses.
这一领域要求准确界定异常行为的定义以及诊断术语。WJEC 常常要求你评价四种异常定义，因此将每种定义与一个易于记忆的例子联系起来，能强化你的作答。
Statistical infrequency: Defining abnormality as behaviour that is statistically rare, falling more than two standard deviations from the mean on a normal distribution curve.
统计频数异常：将异常定义为统计上罕见的行为，即在正态分布曲线上偏离均值超过两个标准差。
Deviation from social norms: Seeing behaviour as abnormal when it violates the unwritten rules or expectations of a society.
偏离社会规范：当行为违反社会的非成文规则或预期时，将其视为异常。
Failure to function adequately: Judging abnormality by an individual's inability to cope with everyday life, measured by criteria such as personal distress or observer discomfort.
功能运作失调：通过个体无法应对日常生活来判定异常，衡量标准包括个人痛苦或观察者不适。
Deviation from ideal mental health: Jahoda's criteria‑based definition where abnormality occurs when a person lacks positive attributes such as self‑actualisation, autonomy, and mastery of the environment.
偏离理想心理健康：基于雅荷达标准的定义，指个体缺乏自我实现、自主性、环境掌控等积极特质时即为异常。
Co‑morbidity: The co‑occurrence of two or more disorders in the same individual, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment.
共病：同一个体同时患有两种或多种障碍，可能使诊断和治疗变得复杂。
Cultural relativism: The principle that a person's behaviour and symptoms must be understood within the context of their own culture, to avoid misdiagnosis.
文化相对主义：必须在个体自身文化的语境中理解其行为与症状，以避免误诊的原则。
Memory tip: Visualise four ‘lenses’ on a camera: the 'Bell curve' lens (statistical), a 'Rule‑book' lens (social norms), a 'Broken wheel' lens (failure to function), and a 'Garden of Eden' lens (ideal health). Move between the lenses to evaluate any disorder.
记忆技巧：想象相机上的四个“镜头”：钟形曲线镜头（统计频数）、规则手册镜头（社会规范）、破轮镜头（功能失调）和伊甸园镜头（理想健康）。在镜头之间切换来评价任一障碍。
7. Research Methods and Design | 研究方法与设计
Methodological literacy is the backbone of the WJEC examination, especially for the Personal Investigation. These terms appear in every question that requires you to comment on design, procedure, or evaluation.
方法素养是 WJEC 考试的支柱，尤其对个人调查报告而言更是如此。每当你需要评论研究设计、程序或评估时，这些术语都会出现。
Independent variable (IV): The factor manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
自变量 (IV)：由研究者操纵或改变的因素，以观察其对因变量的影响。
Dependent variable (DV): The factor measured by the researcher; it is expected to change as a result of manipulations to the IV.
因变量 (DV)：研究者测量的因素，预期会因自变量的操纵而发生改变。
Operationalisation: The process of defining variables in precise, measurable terms so they can be manipulated or recorded empirically.
操作化：用精确、可测量的词语定义变量，以便能够进行实证操纵或记录的过程。
Confounding variable: An uncontrolled variable that systematically varies with the IV and provides an alternative explanation for the results.
混淆变量：不受控制、与自变量共变的变量，可为结果提供替代解释。
Counterbalancing: A technique used in repeated measures designs to control order effects by varying the sequence of conditions across participants.
对抗平衡：在重复测量设计中使用的一种技术，通过在参与者之间变化条件顺序来控制顺序效应。
Laboratory experiment: An experiment conducted in a highly controlled, artificial environment where the researcher manipulates the IV and controls extraneous variables.
实验室实验：在高度控制的人工环境中进行的实验，研究者操纵自变量并控制额外变量。
Natural experiment: A study where the IV varies naturally, and the researcher records its effect on the DV without direct manipulation.
自然实验：自变量自然变化、研究者不直接操纵而只是记录其对因变量影响的研究。
Pilot study: A small‑scale trial run of the research procedure, carried out to identify potential problems before the main data collection.
试点研究：在正式收集数据前为发现潜在问题而进行的小规模试验性研究。
Memory tip: Link IV to 'I manipulate', DV to 'Data collected'. Operationalisation means turning a fuzzy idea into a ruler: not 'aggression' but 'number of times a child hits a doll'. Draw a lab with white coats for laboratory experiment, and a storm for a naturally occurring IV.
记忆技巧：将 IV 关联“我操纵”，DV 关联“数据收集”。操作化就是把模糊的想法变成一把尺子：不是“攻击性”，而是“儿童击打玩偶的次数”。画出白大褂实验室表示实验室实验，画一阵暴风雨表示自然发生的自变量。
8. Data Handling and Statistics | 数据处理与统计
Handling data correctly separates strong candidates from the rest. Even if you only need to interpret descriptive statistics, knowing the exact meaning of each term prevents costly mistakes in the exam.
正确地处理数据能拉开优秀考生与普通考生的距离。即便你只需要解读描述统计，了解每个术语的准确含义也能避免在考试中犯代价高昂的错误。
Qualitative data: Non‑numerical, language‑based data that describe qualities, feelings, or characteristics, often gathered through interviews or open‑ended questions.
质性数据：非数字的、基于语言的数据，描述性质、感受或特征，通常通过访谈或开放性问题获取。
Quantitative data: Numerical data that can be measured and statistically analysed, such as scores, reaction times, or frequency counts.
量化数据：可以测量并进行统计分析的数值型数据，如分数、反应时或频次计数。
Mean: The arithmetic average, calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of values; highly sensitive to extreme scores.
平均数：算术平均值，由所有数值之和除以数值个数得到，对极端分数非常敏感。
Median: The middle value in an ordered data set; unaffected by outliers and often preferred for skewed distributions.
中位数：有序数据集中位于正中间的值，不受离群值影响，常用于偏态分布。
Standard deviation: A measure of dispersion showing how spread out scores are around the mean; a small SD indicates tightly clustered data.
标准差：反映分数围绕平均数的离散程度的指标；标准差小表示数据紧密聚集。
Thematic analysis: A qualitative method for identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns (themes) within textual data.
主题分析：一种在文本数据中识别、分析和报告模式（主题）的质性方法。
Inferential statistics: Statistical tests that allow researchers to draw conclusions about a population from sample data, often
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