📚 Year 12 CCEA Psychology: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CCEA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering psychology starts with speaking the language. For CCEA Year 12 students, a solid grasp of key terminology is not just about passing the exam—it is the foundation for evaluating studies, designing research, and constructing high‑mark answers. This guide breaks down the most commonly tested terms into bite‑sized explanations with easy‑to‑remember hooks.
掌握心理学，从语言开始。对于 CCEA 12 年级学生来说，牢牢掌握关键术语不仅是为了通过考试——更是评估研究、设计调查和构建高分答案的基础。本指南将最常考的术语分解为易消化的解释，并配有轻松记忆的钩子。
1. Independent and Dependent Variables | 自变量与因变量
The independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher manipulates or changes to see if it has an effect. Think of it as the 'I do' variable—the one you control. The dependent variable (DV) is what you measure; it 'depends' on the IV. A simple memory hook: IV = I change, DV = Data collected.
自变量（IV）是研究者操纵或改变的因素，以观察其是否产生影响。可以把它看作“我动手”的变量——你控制的那个。因变量（DV）是你测量的结果；它“依赖”于自变量。简单的助记钩子：IV = 我改变，DV = 收集的数据。
2. Operationalisation | 操作化
Operationalisation means defining your variables in clear, measurable terms so that the study can be replicated. Instead of saying 'aggression', you might operationalise it as 'the number of times a participant hits a punching bag in 5 minutes'. Remember: make it countable or observable.
操作化意味着用清晰、可测量的方式定义你的变量，以便研究可以重复进行。与其说“攻击性”，不如将其操作化为“参与者在5分钟内击打沙袋的次数”。记住：让它可计数或可观察。
3. Confounding Variable | 混淆变量
A confounding variable is an unwanted extra factor that varies along with the IV and could be the real reason for the change in the DV. If you test memory in the morning for one group and evening for another, time of day could confound the results. Think 'confusing cause' —a variable that confuses your conclusions.
混淆变量是一个不受欢迎的额外因素，它随自变量一起变化，并可能成为因变量变化的真正原因。如果你一组早上测试记忆，另一组晚上测试，一天中的时间就可能混淆结果。想象“混淆原因”——一个让你的结论混乱的变量。
4. Experimental Designs: Independent Groups, Repeated Measures, Matched Pairs | 实验设计：独立组、重复测量、匹配对
For independent groups, different participants take part in each condition. Use the phrase 'two groups, two sets of people'. Repeated measures uses the same participants in all conditions: 'same people, twice'. Matched pairs recruits similar participants, then splits them: 'twin‑like, but separate'. Each design has distinct pros and cons regarding participant variables and order effects.
独立组设计：不同参与者参加每种实验条件。用短语“两组，两批人”。重复测量：相同的参与者参加所有条件：“同一批人，两次”。匹配对设计：招募相似的参与者，然后分开：“像双胞胎，但分开”。每种设计在参与者变量和顺序效应方面有着不同的优缺点。
5. Reliability and Validity | 信度与效度
Reliability is about consistency—if you repeat the measurement, do you get the same result? Validity is about accuracy—are you measuring what you intend to measure? A set of scales can be reliable (always showing the same number) but not valid if it is off by 5 kg. Memory tip: Reliable = Repeatable, Valid = True.
信度关乎一致性——如果你重复测量，是否得到相同结果？效度关乎准确性——你是否测量了你想要测量的内容？一个体重秤可以很可靠（总是显示相同数字）但如果偏差5公斤就不算有效。记忆技巧：信度 = 可重复，效度 = 真实的。
6. Neurotransmitters: Excitation and Inhibition | 神经递质：兴奋与抑制
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the brain. Excitatory ones (e.g., dopamine, noradrenaline) make a neuron more likely to fire: think 'excite = go'. Inhibitory ones (e.g., GABA, serotonin) calm things down: 'inhibit = stop'. The balance between them keeps the nervous system functioning smoothly.
神经递质是大脑中的化学信使。兴奋性递质（如多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素）使神经元更可能放电：想象“兴奋 = 启动”。抑制性递质（如GABA、5‑羟色胺）让活动平静下来：“抑制 = 停止”。它们之间的平衡让神经系统平稳运行。
7. Localisation of Function | 功能定位
This is the idea that specific brain areas are responsible for specific behaviours or processes. The motor cortex controls movement, the visual cortex processes sight, and Broca’s area handles speech production. Visualise the brain like a city map—each area has its own job.
这是指特定脑区负责特定行为或过程的观点。运动皮层控制运动，视觉皮层处理视觉，布罗卡氏区负责言语生成。把大脑想象成一张城市地图——每个区域都有自己的职责。
8. Multi‑Store Model of Memory | 记忆的多重存储模型
Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed three stores: sensory register → short‑term memory (STM) → long‑term memory (LTM) ntion and rehearsal. Chunking helps STM’s limited capacity (7±2 items). Remember the flow: Sensory (instant) → STM (rehearse) → LTM (store).
Atkinson 和 Shiffrin 提出三种存储：感觉登记 → 短时记忆（STM）→ 长时记忆（LTM）。信息通过注意和复述进行转移。组块化有助于STM的有限容量（7±2个项目）。记住流程：感觉（瞬时）→ STM（复述）→ LTM（储存）。
9. Conformity Types: Compliance, Identification, Internalisation | 从众类型：顺从、认同、内化
Compliance is publicly agreeing but privately disagreeing—you go along with the group just to fit in. Identification is adopting a group’s behaviour because you value membership, but it may be temporary. Internalisation is a deep‑seated change where both public and private beliefs shift. Think: Compliance = shallow, Identification = belonging, Internalisation = belief.
顺从是表面上同意而私下不同意——你跟着群体走只是为了融入。认同是因为看重成员身份而采纳群体行为，但这可能是暂时的。内化是深层次的改变，公开和私下的信念都发生了变化。思考：顺从 = 表面，认同 = 归属，内化 = 信仰。
10. Obedience and Agentic State | 服从与代理状态
Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram’s work introduced the agentic state: a person sees themselves as an agent carrying out someone else’s wishes and feels less personal responsibility. The opposite is the autonomous state. Link the term: agent = acting for another.
服从是遵从权威人物的直接命令。Milgram 的研究引入了代理状态：一个人视自己为执行他人意愿的代理者，感受较少的个人责任。对立面是自主状态。关联术语：代理 = 替他人做事。
11. Ethical Issues: Deception, Informed Consent, Protection from Harm | 伦理问题：欺骗、知情同意、保护免受伤害
Ethical guidelines exist to protect participants. Deception should be avoided unless necessary and must be followed by a thorough debrief. Informed consent means participants know enough to agree voluntarily. Protection from harm means no lasting physical or psychological damage. Use the DIP acronym: Deception, Informed consent, Protection.
伦理准则用以保护参与者。欺骗应尽量避免，若非用不可，之后须进行详尽的事后说明。知情同意意味着参与者了解足够信息后自愿同意。保护免受伤害意味着不造成持久的身体或心理损伤。使用首字母缩略词DIP：欺骗（Deception）、知情同意（Informed consent）、保护（Protection）。
12. Types of Data: Quantitative and Qualitative | 数据类型：量化和质性
Quantitative data is numerical—scores, reaction times, percentages. It is easy to analyse but may lack depth. Qualitative data is descriptive—words, transcripts, open‑ended answers. It is rich in detail but harder to compare. Link: Quantity = numbers, Quality = words.
量化数据是数字型的——分数、反应时、百分比。它容易分析但可能缺乏深度。质性数据是描述型的——文字、访谈记录、开放问题的答案。它细节丰富但较难比较。关联：Quantity = 数量，Quality = 质量。
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