📚 IB CCEA Physics: Mind Map for Quick Memorization | IB CCEA 物理：思维导图速记
This mind map breaks down the key topics of IB and CCEA Physics into interconnected concepts for rapid revision. Each branch highlights essential definitions, laws, and equations, complemented by parallel English and Chinese explanations to strengthen bilingual understanding. Use this as a visual-thinking tool to anchor your memory before exams.
这份思维导图将 IB 和 CCEA 物理的核心主题分解为相互关联的概念，便于快速复习。每个分支都突出关键定义、定律和方程，并配以英中双语解释，加强双语理解。请将其用作考试前的视觉思维工具，巩固记忆。
1. Kinematics and Motion | 运动学
Kinematics describes how objects move using quantities like displacement, velocity and acceleration, without considering forces. The motion of a body can be represented through graphs and equations.
运动学用位移、速度和加速度等物理量描述物体如何运动，而不考虑力。物体的运动可通过图像和方程表示。
Displacement (s): vector from initial to final position; unit: metre (m).
位移 (s)：从初位置指向末位置的矢量；单位：米 (m)。
Velocity (v): rate of change of displacement; v = Δs/Δt.
速度 (v)：位移的变化率；v = Δs/Δt。
Acceleration (a): rate of change of velocity; a = Δv/Δt.
加速度 (a)：速度的变化率；a = Δv/Δt。
e u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, s = displacement, t = time).
对于匀加速运动，使用 SUVAT 方程（其中 u = 初速度，v = 末速度，a = 加速度，s = 位移，t = 时间）。
v = u + at
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
s = ½(u + v)t
Velocity-time graphs give displacement as the area under the curve and acceleration as the gradient. For projectile motion, treat horizontal and vertical components independently.
速度-时间图像中，图线与时间轴围成的面积代表位移，斜率代表加速度。对于抛体运动，独立处理水平与竖直分量。
2. Forces and Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Forces cause changes in motion. Newton's three laws form the backbone of classical mechanics.
力是改变运动的原因。牛顿三定律构成经典力学的支柱。
Newton's First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force (inertia).
牛顿第一定律：一切物体在不受合力作用时，总保持静止或匀速直线运动状态（惯性）。
Newton's Second Law: F = ma, where F is the net force in newtons (N).
牛顿第二定律：F = ma，其中 F 为合力，单位牛顿 (N)。
Newton's Third Law: If body A exerts a force on body B, then B exerts an equal and opposite force on A.
牛顿第三定律：若物体 A 对物体 B 施加力，则 B 同时对 A 施加大小相等、方向相反的力。
action, tension, friction (F ≤ μR), and drag. Free-body diagrams simplify problem solving.
常见力：重力 (W = mg)、支持力、张力、摩擦力 (F ≤ μR) 和空气阻力。受力分析图可简化问题。
3. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Work is done when a force moves an object. Energy is the capacity to do work. Power is the rate of energy transfer.
力使物体移动时做功。能量是做功的能力。功率是能量转换的速率。
Work (W): W = F × d × cosθ (unit: joule, J).
功 (W)：W = F × d × cosθ（单位：焦耳，J）。
Kinetic energy (KE): KE = ½mv².
动能 (KE)：KE = ½mv²。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE): GPE = mgh.
重力势能 (GPE)：GPE = mgh。
Power (P): P = W/t = Fv (unit: watt, W).
功率 (P)：P = W/t = Fv（单位：瓦特，W）。
annot be created or destroyed, only transferred. Efficiency = useful output / total input.
能量守恒定律：能量既不能创生也不能消灭，只能转化。效率 = 有用输出 / 总输入。
4. Momentum and Impulse | 动量与冲量
Momentum is a vector quantity measuring the 'quantity of motion' of a body. Impulse links force and momentum change.
动量是矢量，衡量物体的“运动量”。冲量将力与动量变化联系起来。
Momentum (p): p = mv (unit: kg m/s).
动量 (p)：p = mv（单位：kg m/s）。
Impulse: Δp = F × Δt = area under a force-time graph.
冲量：Δp = F × Δt = 力-时间图线下面积。
Conservation of momentum: al : total momentum before collision = total momentum after, provided no external resultant force.
动量守恒：若系统不受外力合力，碰撞前总动量 = 碰撞后总动量。
Elastic collisions conserve kinetic energy; inelastic collisions do not. Momentum is always conserved in closed systems.
弹性碰撞动能守恒；非弹性碰撞动能减少。动量在封闭系统中始终守恒。
5. Circular Motion and Gravitation | 圆周运动与引力
An object moving in a circle at constant speed experiences a centripetal acceleration directed towards the centre, caused by a centripetal force.
物体做匀速圆周运动时，具有指向圆心的向心加速度，需要向心力维持。
a = v²/r = ω²r
F = mv²/r = mω²r
Newton' f gravitation: F = Gm₁m₂/r². Gravitational field strength g = GM/r² near a spherical mass.
牛顿万有引力定律：F = Gm₁m₂/r²。球体附近的引力场强度 g = GM/r²。
Kepler's laws describe planetary orbits. Orbital velocity: v = √GM/r. Geostationary orbits have period equal to Earth's rotation.
开普勒定律描述行星轨道。轨道速度：v = √GM/r。地球同步轨道的周期等于地球自转周期。
6. Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves | 简谐运动与波
oscillatory motion where acceleration is proportional to negative displacement: a = -ω²x.
简谐运动 (SHM) 是加速度与位移成正比且方向相反的振动：a = -ω²x。
Displacement: x = A sin(ωt) or x = A cos(ωt).
位移：x = A sin(ωt) 或 x = A cos(ωt)。
Velocity: v = ±ω√A² - x².
速度：v = ±ω√A² - x²。
Period: T = 2π/ω; for pendulum T = 2π√L/g; for mass-spring T = 2π√m/k.
周期：T = 2π/ω；单摆 T = 2π√L/g；弹簧振子 T = 2π√m/k。
er transfer. Key quantities: wavelength (λ), frequency (f), speed (v = fλ), amplitude (A).
波传递能量而不传递介质。关键量：波长 (λ)、频率 (f)、波速 (v = fλ)、振幅 (A)。
Transverse waves (e.g. light, water waves) have oscillation perpendicular to propagation. Longitudinal waves (e.g. sound) oscillate parallel. Superposition leads to interference and standing waves.
横波（如光波、水波）振动方向与传播方向垂直。纵波（如声波）振动方向平行于传播方向。叠加产生干涉和驻波。
7. Thermal Physics | 热物理
Temperature measures average kinetic energy of particles. Heat is energy transfer due to temperature difference. Internal energy is the sum of random kinetic and potential energies.
温度衡量粒子平均动能。热量是温度差导致的能量传递。内能是分子无规则动能与势能之和。
Specific heat capacity (c): Q = mcΔθ.
比热容 (c)：Q = mcΔθ。
Specific latent heat (L): Q = mL (fusion or vaporisation).
比潜热 (L)：Q = mL（熔化或汽化）。
Ideal gas laws: Boyle's (pV = constant), Charles' p/T = constant). Combined into pV = nRT where n = number of moles, R = molar gas constant.
理想气体定律：波意耳定律 (pV = 常量)、查理定律 (V/T = 常量)、压强定律 (p/T = 常量)。综合为 pV = nRT，其中 n 为摩尔数，R 为摩尔气体常数。
Kinetic theory: p = ⅓ρ
分子动理论：p = ⅓ρ
8. Electric Fields and Circuits | 电场与电路
Charge (Q) is measured in coulombs (C). Electric current I = ΔQ/Δt. Ohm's law: V = IR for ohmic conductors at constant temperature.
电荷 (Q) 单位库仑 (C)。电流 I = ΔQ/Δt。欧姆定律：对于恒温下的欧姆导体，V = IR。
Resistance: R = ρL/A, series: Rtotal = R₁ + R₂, parallel: 1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.
电阻：R = ρL/A，串联：Rtotal = R₁ + R₂，并联：1/Rtotal = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂。
Power: P = IV = I²R = V²/R.
电功率：P = IV = I²R = V²/R。
emf) ε is the energy per unit charge supplied by a source. Terminal pd = ε - Ir. Kirchhoff's laws: current junction law and voltage loop law.
电动势 (emf) ε 是电源提供的单位电荷能量。端电压 = ε - Ir。基尔霍夫定律：电流节点定律和电压回路定律。
oint charge, E = kQ/r². Uniform field: E = V/d. Capacitance C = Q/V; energy stored = ½CV².
电场强度：点电荷 E = F/q，E = kQ/r²。匀强电场 E = V/d。电容 C = Q/V；储存能量 = ½CV²。
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction | 磁学与电磁感应
Magnetic fields surround magnets and current-carrying conductors. Fleming's left-hand rule gives force direction for motor effect: F = BILsinθ.
磁场存在于磁体和载流导体周围。左手定则判断电动机效应中的受力方向：F = BILsinθ。
particle in magnetic field: F = Bqvsinθ, causing circular motion with radius r = mv/(Bq).
运动电荷在磁场中受力：F = Bqvsinθ，做圆周运动，半径 r = mv/(Bq)。
Faraday's law: induced emf = -N ΔΦ/Δt. Lenz's law: induced current opposes the change in flux. Magnetic flux Φ = BAcosθ.
法拉第电磁感应定律：感应电动势 = -N ΔΦ/Δt。楞次定律：感应电流阻碍磁通量的变化。磁通量 Φ = BAcosθ。
Transformers: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np rmer, primary power = secondary power. Generators convert mechanical energy to electrical.
变压器：Vs/Vp = Ns/Np。理想变压器初级功率 = 次级功率。发电机将机械能转化为电能。
10. Atomic, Nuclear and Quantum Physics | 原子、核与量子物理
Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed a dense, positively charged nucleus. Nuclear model: nucleus contains protons and neutrons; electrons orbit in shells.
卢瑟福金箔实验揭示了致密带正电的原子核。原子核模型：核包含质子和中子，电子分层排布。
e decay: alpha (α), beta (β⁻, β⁺), gamma (γ). Decay law: N = N₀e⁻λt. Half-life t½ = ln2/λ.
放射性衰变：α衰变、β衰变（β⁻, β⁺）、γ衰变。衰变定律：N = N₀e⁻λt。半衰期 t½ = ln2/λ。
= mc². Binding energy per nucleon determines stability; fusion and fission release energy.
质能方程：E = mc²。比结合能决定核稳定性；聚变和裂变释放能量。
otoelectric effect: hf = Φ + KEₘₐₓ. Wave-particle duality (de Broglie wavelength λ = h/p).
量子化：光子能量 E = hf，动量 p = h/λ。光电效应方程：hf = Φ + KEₘₐₓ。波粒二象性（德布罗意波长 λ = h/p）。
11. Practical Skills and Data Handling | 实验技能与数据处理
Experimental design should identify independent, dependent and controlled variables. Measurements include absolute uncertainty and percentage uncertainty. Plot graphs with best-fit lines and error bars.
实验设计应识别自变量、因变量和控制变量。测量包含绝对不确定度和百分不确定度。作图应包含最佳拟合线与误差棒。
ision for analogue instruments, ±1 digit for digital. Combine uncertainties appropriately.
系统误差影响准确度；随机误差影响精密度。模拟仪器取最小分度值 ±½，数字仪器取末位 ±1。正确合成不确定度。
Straightening curves: plot y vs 1/x, y² vs x, etc. to test relationships. The gradient and intercept deliver physical constants.
化曲为直：绘制 y 对 1/x、y² 对 x 等图象以检验关系。斜率和截距给出物理常数。
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