📚 Mastering WJEC Year 13 Biology Terminology: A Rapid Memorisation Guide | 精通WJEC Year 13生物学术语：速记指南
In Year 13 WJEC Biology, mastering the precise terminology is not just about passing exams — it is the language through which you will explain complex processes, analyse data and construct coherent scientific arguments. Many students find the sheer volume of technical terms overwhelming, yet with the right mnemonic strategies and contextual links, these words become powerful tools rather than obstacles. This guide provides a structured approach to rapid memorisation by grouping key terms under core topics and pairing each with a memorable explanation, etymology or analogy.
在WJEC Year 13生物课程中，掌握准确的术语不仅是为了通过考试——更是你解释复杂过程、分析数据和构建连贯科学论证的语言。许多学生觉得大量专业词汇令人望而生畏，但只要采用合适的记忆策略并建立情境关联，这些词语就会成为有力的工具而非障碍。本指南将核心术语按主题分组，并为每个术语配以易记的解释、词源或类比，提供结构化的速记方法。
1. Cellular Respiration Key Terms | 细胞呼吸关键术语
Glycolysis literally means 'sugar splitting': 'glyco-' refers to sugar and '-lysis' means breakdown. This first stage of respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and converts one molecule of glucose (6C) into two molecules of pyruvate (3C), yielding a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Imagine a glucose ring being cleaved in half to help visualise the process.
糖酵解字面意思就是'糖裂解'：'glyco-'意为糖，'-lysis'意为分解。这是呼吸作用的第一阶段，发生在细胞质中，将一分子葡萄糖(6C)转变成两分子丙酮酸(3C)，净生成2 ATP和2 NADH。想象一个葡萄糖环被劈成两半，有助于形象记忆。
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. The 2-carbon acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon oxaloacetate to form citrate, which then undergoes a series of decarboxylations and oxidations, regenerating oxaloacetate. A mnemonic for the intermediates is: 'Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?' (Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate).
克雷布斯循环，也称柠檬酸循环，发生在线粒体基质中。2碳的乙酰辅酶A与4碳的草酰乙酸结合形成柠檬酸，随后经历一系列脱羧和氧化反应，再生草酰乙酸。中间产物的记忆口诀可借用首字母串联：Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate (α-酮戊二酸), Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate。
Oxidative phosphorylation encompasses the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis. Reduced NAD and FAD donate electrons to the ETC, which pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The resulting proton motive force drives ATP synthase. Think of the ETC as a water pump lifting protons to a higher reservoir, and ATP synthase as a turbine that lets them flow back down, generating ATP.
氧化磷酸化包括电子传递链(ETC)和化学渗透。还原型NAD和FAD将电子传递给电子传递链，后者将质子泵过线粒体内膜。由此产生的质子动力势驱动ATP合酶。可以把电子传递链想象成将质子提升到高位水库的水泵，而ATP合酶则是让质子回流从而产生ATP的涡轮机。
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions (H⁺) down a concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane, coupled to ATP synthesis. The term breaks into 'chemi-' (chemical) and 'osmosis' (movement of water/solvent through a membrane), highlighting the link between a chemical gradient and diffusion.
化学渗透是指离子(H⁺)沿浓度梯度穿过部分通透膜的移动，并与ATP合成偶联。该术语由'chemi-'（化学）和'osmosis'（渗透）组成，突显化学梯度与扩散之间的联系。
2. Photosynthesis Terminology | 光合作用术语
Photosystem II (PSII) functions first in the light-dependent reactions. It absorbs light at a wavelength of 680 nm, splits water (photolysis) and releases oxygen. Remember the sequence: 'II before I' – PSII comes first in the Z scheme, even though numbering suggests otherwise.
光系统II (PSII)在光依赖反应中最先发挥作用。它吸收波长为680 nm的光，裂解水（光解）并释放氧气。记住顺序：'II在I之前'——尽管编号靠后，但PSII在Z方案中先起作用。
Photosystem I (PSI) absorbs light optimally at 700 nm and produces NADPH. The electrons leaving PSI do not return, which is why the pathway is called non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Link PSI with 'N' for NADPH production.
光系统I (PSI)在700 nm处最佳吸收光，并产生NADPH。离开PSI的电子不返回，因此该途径称为非循环光合磷酸化。可将PSI与NADPH的'N'联系起来记忆。
| Feature | Photosystem II | Photosystem I |
|---|---|---|
| Absorption peak | P680 | P700 |
| Primary role | Photolysis of water; ATP synthesis | NADPH production |
| Electron path | Non-cyclic flow | Non-cyclic (or cyclic when needed) |
The Calvin cycle, the light-independent stage, fixes CO₂ using the enzyme Rubisco. The three phases – carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration of RuBP – can be remembered as 'Fix, Reduce, Regenerate'. Rubisco's full name, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, reveals its dual nature: it can fix CO₂ (carboxylase) or waste energy by fixing O₂ (oxygenase).
卡尔文循环是光独立反应阶段，利用酶Rubisco固定CO₂。三个阶段——碳固定、还原和RuBP再生——可记为'固定、还原、再生'。Rubisco的全名核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶揭示了其双重特性：可以固定CO₂（羧化酶），也可以固定O₂（加氧酶）从而浪费能量。
3. Genetics & Inheritance Vocabulary | 遗传与遗传学词汇
Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, such as in human ABO blood groups where A and B alleles produce both A and B antigens. Contrast with incomplete dominance where a blend appears – think 'co-' means together, not blended.
共显性指杂合子中两个等位基因均完全表达，如人类ABO血型中A和B等位基因同时产生A和B抗原。与不完全显性（呈现混合表型）对比——记住'co-'表示共同，而非混合。
Epistasis is the interaction of genes where one gene masks or suppresses the expression of another. The word comes from Greek 'epi-' (upon) and 'stasis' (standing), so one gene 'stands upon' another. A classic example is coat colour in Labrador retrievers, where the E gene is epistatic to the B gene.
上位效应是基因之间的相互作用，一个基因掩盖或抑制另一个基因的表达。该词源自希腊语'epi-'（在……之上）和'stasis'（站立），因此一个基因'站在'另一个基因之上。典型例子是拉布拉多犬的毛色，E基因对B基因呈上位。
Autosomal linkage describes genes located on the same autosome (non-sex chromosome) that tend to be inherited together because they do not assort independently. Remember: 'linked genes stick together' – they only separate by crossing over during meiosis.
常染色体连锁指位于同一常染色体（非性染色体）上的基因，由于不遵循自由组合定律而倾向于一同遗传。记住：'连锁基因粘在一起'——它们仅通过减数分裂中的交叉互换分离。
The chi-squared (χ²) test assesses whether the difference between observed and expected results is due to chance. The formula is: χ² = Σ (O − E)² / E. A mnemonic for using the test: 'Observed minus Expected, square it, divide by Expected, sum all' – and always check degrees of freedom.
卡方(χ²)检验评估观察值与期望值之间的差异是否由偶然造成。公式为：χ² = Σ (O − E)² / E。使用该测试的记忆口诀：'观测减期望，平方除以期望，全部求和'——并始终核查自由度。
4. Evolution & Speciation | 进化与物种形成
Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is geographically separated, leading to reproductive isolation and eventual formation of a new species. The prefix 'allo-' means 'other' and 'patric' relates to 'fatherland' – different homelands. Think of Darwin's finches separated by islands.
异地物种形成指一个种群因地理隔离而导致生殖隔离，最终形成新物种。前缀'allo-'意为'其他'，'patric'与'祖国'相关——不同的家园。联想达尔文雀因岛屿隔离的例证。
Sympatric speciation happens without physical barriers, often through behavioural or ecological isolation within the same habitat. 'Sym-' means 'same', so same homeland but different niches. Polyploidy in plants is a common mechanism.
同地物种形成无需物理屏障，常因同一栖息地内的行为或生态隔离而发生。'Sym-'意为'相同'，因此相同家园但不同生态位。植物中的多倍体是常见机制。
Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency, especially significant in small populations. The bottleneck effect and founder effect are extreme types. Visualise a bottle being shaken: only a few marbles (alleles) pass through the neck, altering the composition by chance.
遗传漂变是等位基因频率的随机变化，在小种群中尤为显著。瓶颈效应和奠基者效应是其极端类型。想象一个瓶子被摇动：只有少数弹珠（等位基因）通过瓶颈，随机改变了组成。
The Hardy-Weinberg principle predicts that allele frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences. The equations are:
哈代-温伯格原理预测在没有进化影响的情况下，等位基因频率将代代保持不变。方程式如下：
p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Here, p is the frequency of the dominant allele, q the recessive allele; p² is homozygous dominant, 2pq heterozygous, q² homozygous recessive.
其中p为显性等位基因频率，q为隐性等位基因频率；p²为显性纯合子，2pq为杂合子，q²为隐性纯合子。
5. Ecology & Sampling | 生态学与取样
Mark-release-recapture is a method for estimating population size of motile organisms. The formula is:
标记重捕法用于估算移动生物的种群大小。公式为：
N = (M × C) / R
, C = total captured in second sample, R = number of marked recaptures. To remember, think 'Mighty Catches Return' or simply that population size equals (marked × second catch) over recaptures.
其中M=首次标记数，C=第二次捕获总数，R=重捕标记数。记忆时可采用首字母口诀，或直接记忆：种群大小等于（标记数×第二次捕获数）除以重捕数。
Simpson's index of diversity (D) measures biodiversity, considering both richness and evenness. The formula is:
辛普森多样性指数(D)衡量生物多样性，兼顾丰富度和均匀度。公式为：
D = 1 − Σ ( n / N )²
of all species. The higher the D value (closer to 1), the greater the diversity. A mnemonic: 'Diversity is 1 minus the sum of squared proportions.'
其中n=某物种个体总数，N=所有物种个体总数。D值越高（接近1），多样性越高。记忆诀窍：'多样性等于1减去各物种占比平方的和'。
ax community), while secondary succession follows a disturbance where soil remains. The sequence can be remembered with 'Pioneers Pave the Path to Climax'.
生态演替是物种组成随时间的定向变化。初级演替始于裸岩（先锋物种→顶极群落），而次级演替发生在土壤留存的扰动之后。演替顺序可记为'先锋物种为顶极群落铺路'。
6. Immunology Key Words | 免疫关键词
An antigen is any molecule (often foreign) that triggers an immune response, while an antibody is a protein secreted by plasma cells that binds specifically to an antigen. To avoid confusion: 'Antigen generates antibody'. The shape complementarity is like a key (antigen) fitting a lock (antibody).
抗原是触发免疫反应的任何分子（通常为外来物），而抗体是由浆细胞分泌的、能特异性结合抗原的蛋白质。避免混淆：'抗原生成抗体'。形状互补如同钥匙（抗原）配锁（抗体）。
B lymphocytes (B cells) mature in the bone marrow and, upon activation, differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. T helper cells (CD4⁺) coordinate the immune response by releasing cytokines. A simple mnemonic: 'B for Bone marrow and antibodies, T for Thymus and help'.
B淋巴细胞在骨髓中成熟，激活后分化为产生抗体的浆细胞。辅助性T细胞(CD4⁺)通过释放细胞因子协调免疫反应。简单记忆：'B代表骨髓(Bone marrow)和抗体，T代表胸腺(Thymus)和辅助'。
Clonal selection explains that when an antigen binds to a specific B cell receptor, that B cell is selected to proliferate, producing a clone of identical plasma cells and memory cells. The process can be visualised as 'the chosen one expands' – only the lymphocyte with the matching receptor is triggered to multiply.
克隆选择学说解释，当抗原与特定B细胞受体结合时，该B细胞被选择增殖，产生一群相同的浆细胞和记忆细胞。这一过程可形象化为'被选中者扩增'——只有携带匹配受体的淋巴细胞被触发增殖。
| Term | Memory aid |
|---|---|
| Vaccination | Introduces antigens to build memory cells without causing disease – 'Prime the immune army'. |
| Passive immunity | Receiving pre-made antibodies (e.g. across placenta) – 'Passive like a passed gift'. |
7. Nervous System & Action Potential | 神经系统与动作电位
Resting potential is the electrical potential difference across the axon membrane when not conducting an impulse, typically −70 mV. It is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump (3 Na⁺ out / 2 K⁺ in) and the greater permeability to K⁺. Think of the cell as a leaky potassium balloon, slightly negative inside.
静息电位是轴突膜未传导冲动时的电位差，通常为−70 mV。它由钠钾泵（3 Na⁺出/2 K⁺进）和对K⁺更大的通透性维持。将细胞想象成一个漏钾的气球，内侧略带负电。
Depolarisation occurs when voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open, allowing Na⁺ to rush in, making the inside less negative. The threshold potential must be reached (−55 mV) to trigger an action potential. Visualise a floodgate opening: sodium floods in, raising the voltage rapidly.
去极化发生在电压门控Na⁺通道开放时，Na⁺涌入，使膜内负电性减弱。必须达到阈电位(−55 mV)才能触发动作用电位。想象防洪闸打开：钠离子涌入，电压迅速上升。
Repolarisation follows as Na⁺ channels inactivate and K⁺ channels open, K⁺ efflux restores the negative interior. Hyperpolarisation is a temporary overshoot where the membrane potential becomes more negative than resting. The mnemonic 'Rise, Fall, Undershoot' describes the action potential shape.
紧接着Na⁺通道失活，K⁺通道开放，K⁺外流使膜内恢复负电性，即为复极化。超极化是暂时的超射，膜电位变得比静息电位更负。用'上升、下降、下冲'来描绘动作电位的形状。
Saltatory conduction in myelinated neurones accelerates impulse propagation as action potentials jump from node of Ranvier to node. 'Saltatory' derives from Latin 'saltare' – to leap. Myelin insulation prevents ion leakage, forcing local circuits to leap between gaps.
有髓神经元的跳跃传导使动作电位从郎飞结跳跃至下一个郎飞结，从而加速冲动传播。'Saltatory'源自拉丁语'saltare'——跳跃。髓鞘绝缘阻止离子泄漏，迫使局部电路在结间跳跃。
8. Hormones & Second Messengers | 激素与第二信使
Many peptide hormones (e.g. adrenaline, glucagon) cannot cross the cell membrane and instead bind to receptors, activating a second messenger system. The hormone is the 'first messenger'; the intracellular molecule that relays the signal is the 'second messenger'. The most common is cyclic AMP (cAMP).
许多肽类激素（如肾上腺素、胰高血糖素）不能穿过细胞膜，而是结合受体，激活第二信使系统。激素是'第一信使'；传递信号的胞内分子是'第二信使'。最常见的是环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)。
e cell membrane, converts ATP to cAMP when activated by a G protein. Remember the cascade: 'ne → receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP → protein kinase A → cellular response'. The mnemonic 'Happy Rabbits Get ACorns in PAradise' can help recall the order.
腺苷酸环化酶是一种嵌在细胞膜上的酶，当被G蛋白激活时将ATP转化为cAMP。记住级联反应：'激素→受体→G蛋白→腺苷酸环化酶→cAMP→蛋白激酶A→细胞响应'。可以用首字母口诀帮助记忆级联顺序。
Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, while glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The two work in negative feedback: think 'Insulin moves glucose In, glucagon gets glucose Out'.
胰岛素通过增加葡萄糖摄取和糖原合成来降低血糖，而胰高血糖素通过刺激糖原分解和糖异生来升高血糖。两者通过负反馈协同工作：记忆力诀，'胰岛素使血糖进入(In)，胰高血糖素使血糖输出(Out)'。
9. Homeostasis & The Kidney | 稳态与肾脏
Ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus, where blood pressure forces water, ions, glucose and urea out of the capillaries into Bowman's capsule, while cells and large proteins are retained. The structural feature enabling this is the fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane and podocyte filtration slits. Think of a sieve under high pressure – only small solutes pass.
超滤在肾小球进行，血压迫使水、离子、葡萄糖和尿素从毛细血管进入鲍曼囊，而细胞和大分子蛋白质被截留。其结构基础是窗孔内皮、基底膜和足细胞滤过裂隙。想象高压下的筛子——只有小溶质能通过。
Selective reabsorption takes place mainly in the proximal convoluted tubule, where all glucose, most ions and much water are reclaimed via co-transport and facilitated diffusion. The Na⁺-K⁺ pump on the basolateral membrane maintains a low intracellular Na⁺ concentration, driving sodium-glucose symport. Remember: 'PCT – Perfectly Choose what to Take back'.
选择性重吸收主要发生在近曲小管，通过协同转运和协助扩散重吸收全部葡萄糖、大多数离子和大量水。基底外侧膜的Na⁺-K⁺泵维持胞内低Na⁺浓度，驱动钠-葡萄糖同向转运。记住：'近曲小管——精心选择回收什么'。
The loop of Henle functions as a countercurrent multiplier, creating a high solute concentration in the medulla. The descending limb is permeable to water, the ascending limb actively transports Na⁺ and Cl⁻ out. The hairpin shape allows the two limbs to exchange materials, multiplying the gradient. Visualise it as a 'U-tube concentrator'.
亨氏襻起逆流倍增器的作用，在髓质中形成高溶质浓度。降支对水通透，升支主动转运Na⁺和Cl⁻。U形发夹结构使两支交换物质，倍增浓度梯度。将其想象为'U形管浓缩器'。
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inserting aquaporins, thus concentrating urine and conserving water. 'Anti-diuretic' literally means 'against urine flow' – it prevents water loss.
抗利尿激素(ADH)通过嵌入水通道蛋白增加集合管对水的通透性，从而浓缩尿液、保存水分。'抗利尿'字面意思就是'对抗尿液流动'——防止水分流失。
10. Plant Hormones & Photoperiodism | 植物激素与光周期
Auxins, primarily indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), promote cell elongation and are responsible for phototropism. In unilateral light, auxin redistributes to the shaded side, causing those cells to elongate more and the shoot to bend towards the light. Think: 'Auxin Accumulates Away from Sunlight'.
生长素，主要是吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)，促进细胞伸长并引起向光性。在单侧光下，生长素向背光侧重新分布，导致该侧细胞伸长更多，嫩枝弯向光源。想想：'生长素在远离阳光处积累'。
Phytochrome is a photoreceptor that switches between two forms: Pr (absorbs red light, 660 nm) and Pfr (absorbs far-red light, 730 nm). Red light converts Pr to Pfr (active form), while far-red light or darkness slowly reverts Pfr to Pr. This system allows plants to detect day length. A mnemonic: 'Pr is the passive form (red-light receptor), Pfr is the physiologically active form (far-red)'.
光敏色素是一种光受体，在两种形式间转换：Pr（吸收红光，660 nm）和Pfr（吸收远红光，730 nm）。红光将Pr转化为Pfr（活性形式），而远红光或黑暗将Pfr缓慢逆转为Pr。这一系统使植物能检测日长。记忆：'Pr是钝化态，Pfr是有生理活性的形式'。
Short-day plants flower when the night length exceeds a critical duration, while long-day plants flower when the day length is above a threshold. The key is actually the uninterrupted dark period. So a 'short-day' plant is really a 'long-night' plant. Pfr inhibits flowering in short-day plants, so long nights allow Pfr to decay.
短日植物在夜长超过临界时长时开花，长日植物在日长超过阈值时开花。关键在于不间断的暗期。因此，'短日'植物其实是'长夜'植物。
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