📚 IGCSE WJEC Maths: Algebra and Functions Topic Revision | IGCSE WJEC 数学:代数和函数 考点精讲
Algebra and functions form the backbone of the IGCSE WJEC Mathematics syllabus. Mastering these topics means becoming fluent in manipulating expressions, solving equations, working with sequences, and understanding functions and their graphs. This revision guide breaks down the key concepts, provides step-by-step methods, and highlights common exam pitfalls to help you achieve top marks.
代数和函数是 IGCSE WJEC 数学大纲的核心支柱。掌握这些内容意味着能够熟练地变形表达式、解方程、处理数列,并理解函数及其图像。这份考点精讲将拆解关键概念,提供分步方法,并强调常见考试陷阱,帮助你取得高分。
1. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions | 代数表达式简化
To simplify an algebraic expression, combine like terms – those with exactly the same variable part. For example, 5a + 3b - 2a + b simplifies to 3a + 4b. Remember that a term like 'a' is the same as 1a. Always write the sign in front of the term when rearranging. Never try to combine terms with different variables or different powers.
要简化代数表达式,需合并同类项——也就是变量部分完全相同的项。例如,5a + 3b - 2a + b 可简化为 3a + 4b。记住 'a' 这样的项等同于 1a。重新排列时,始终要带着项前面的符号。切勿合并不同变量或不同次方的项。
, subtract the exponents. So 12x⁵ ÷ 3x² = 4x³. Negative signs should be handled carefully: –2x × –3y = 6xy.
相乘时,先乘数字(系数),再乘字母。例如,3x × 4x² = 12x³。运用指数定律:相同底数相乘时,指数相加。除法时指数相减。所以 12x⁵ ÷ 3x² = 4x³。负号要小心处理:–2x × –3y = 6xy。
2. Expanding Brackets | 展开括号
inside the bracket by the term outside. For example, 4(2x - 5) = 8x - 20. Watch the sign: –3(y + 7) = – s forgetting to multiply the second term by a negative outside, so double-check your work.
展开单项括号时,用外面的项乘以括号内的每一项。例如,4(2x - 5) = 8x - 20。注意符号:–3(y + 7) = –3y - 21。常见错误是忘记用外面的负号去乘第二项,因此务必仔细检查。
t like terms: x² - x - 12. Always simplify the middle terms. The same approach works for (2x + 1)(x - 5) yielding 2x² - 9x - 5.
对于双括号,使用FOIL方法(首、外、内、尾)或网格法。(x + 3)(x - 4) 计算:首项 x·x = x²,外项 x·(-4) = -4x,内项 3·x = 3x,尾项 3·(-4) = -12。然后合并同类项,得 x² - x - 12。始终要化简中间项。同样的方法适用于 (2x + 1)(x - 5),结果为 2x² - 9x - 5。
3. Factorising | 因式分解
our work by expanding back. If the expression has a negative leading term, factor out a negative to make the bracket positive, e.g. –10x + 15 = –5(2x - 3).
因式分解是展开的逆运算。首先要找出最大公因数(HCF)。对于 12x² + 8x,HCF 是 4x,得到 4x(3x + 2)。通过展开回去来检查结果。如果表达式首项为负,分解时提出负号以使括号内首项为正,例如 –10x + 15 = –5(2x - 3)。
ite as 2x² + x + 6x + 3, then factor by grouping: x(2x + 1) + 3(2x + 1) = (2x + 1)(x + 3).
对于形如 x² + bx + c 的二次式,找出两个数,它们的乘积为 c,和为 b。分解 x² + 5x + 6,数字是 2 和 3,因而得 (x + 2)(x + 3)。当 x² 的系数不是 1 时,例如 2x² + 7x + 3,使用拆分法:2 × 3 = 6,找到和为 7 的数字 1 和 6,重写为 2x² + x + 6x + 3,然后分组分解:x(2x + 1) + 3(2x + 1) = (2x + 1)(x + 3)。
4. Solving Linear Equations | 解一次方程
ide by 3: x = 4. Always check your answer by substituting back into the original equation.
一次方程的变量次数为 1。策略是对方程两边进行逆运算以隔离未知数。解 5x - 3 = 2x + 9,首先将变量移到一边:两边减 2x 得 3x - 3 = 9。加 3 得 3x = 12。除以 3 得 x = 4。一定要将答案代回原方程检验。
= 2x - 2, so 8 = x. Always present the solution with the variable on the left, e.g. x = 8.
含有括号的方程应先展开。对于 3(2x - 1) = 4x + 7,展开得 6x - 3 = 4x + 7,然后 2x = 10,x = 5。方程中的分数可通过每项乘以最小公分母来消去。如果有 x/2 + 3 = x - 1,乘以 2 得 x + 6 = 2x - 2,所以 8 = x。最终解通常将变量写在左侧,如 x = 8。
5. Solving Quadratic Equations | 解二次方程
= 0, giving x = 5 or x = 2. Always write the solutions as separate values, clearly stating 'or'. Never lose a solution – quadratic equations can have two distinct roots.
二次方程的形式为 ax² + bx + c = 0。首先尝试因式分解:令每个因式为零。对于 x² - 7x + 10 = 0,分解为 (x - 5)(x - 2) = 0,得 x = 5 或 x = 2。解要写成独立的值,并明确写出“或”字。切勿漏解——二次方程可能有两个不同的根。
If the quadratic cannot be factorised easily, use the quadratic formula:
x = [ -b ± √b² - 4ac ] / (2a)
= 0, a = 3, b = 5, c = -2. The discriminant b² - 4ac = 25 - 4(3)(-2) = 49. Then x = (-5 ± √49 Always simplify the surd and fraction completely. Some questions ask you to leave answers in surd form, while others require decimal places – read the instructions.
如果二次式不易分解,可使用求根公式:
x = [ -b ± √b² - 4ac ] / (2a)
对于 3x² + 5x - 2 = 0,a = 3,b = 5,c = -2。判别式 b² - 4ac = 25 - 4(3)(-2) = 49。然后 x = (-5 ± √49)/6 = (-5 ± 7)/6,得 x = 1/3 或 x = -2。务必将根号和分数彻底化简。有些题目要求以根号形式保留答案,有些则要求保留小数位——请仔细审题。
6. Simultaneous Equations | 联立方程
ubstitute into the second equation: 4 - 2y = 4, so -2y = 0, y = 0. Solution: x = 4, y = 0.
联立方程包含两个未知数和两个方程。当系数能对齐时,消元法非常有效。解方程组 3x + 2y = 12 和 x - 2y = 4。两式相加消去 y:4x = 16,得 x = 4。代入第二个方程:4 - 2y = 4,得 -2y = 0,y = 0。解为:x = 4, y = 0。
heck in the first equation: 2(3) + 3(3) = 6 + 9 = 15 correct. Substitution method is also useful when one equation is simple, like y = 2x + 1.
如果方程系数不能直接对齐,可将一个或两个方程乘以合适的数,使其中一个变量的系数相等。对于 2x + 3y = 15 和 5x - y = 12,将第二个方程乘以 3,使 y 系数成为 +3 和 -3:15x - 3y = 36。与 2x + 3y = 15 相加,得 17x = 51,x = 3。然后 y = 5(3) - 12 = 3。代入第一个方程检验:2(3) + 3(3) = 6 + 9 = 15,正确。当其中一个方程较为简单时,如 y = 2x + 1,代入法也很实用。
7. Sequences – Arithmetic and Geometric | 数列 – 等差与等比
y the formula uₙ = a + (n - 1)d, where a is the first term. For the sequence 5, 9, 13, 17, … + (n - 1)4 = 4n + 1. Use this to find any term, like the 20th term: u₂₀ = 4(20) + 1 = 81.
等差数列的相邻两项之差恒定,记为 d。第 n 项的公式为 uₙ = a + (n - 1)d,其中 a 为首项。对于数列 5, 9, 13, 17, …,a = 5,d = 4,所以 uₙ = 5 + (n - 1)4 = 4n + 1。利用此式求任意项,如第 20 项:u₂₀ = 4(20) + 1 = 81。
stant ratio, r, between terms. The nth term is uₙ = a·rⁿ⁻¹. For the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, … e sequences can model real-world growth and decay, so be ready to interpret word problems.
等比数列的相邻两项之比恒定,记为 r。第 n 项的公式为 uₙ = a·rⁿ⁻¹。对于数列 2, 6, 18, 54, …,a = 2,r = 3,所以 uₙ = 2·3ⁿ⁻¹。第 8 项为 2·3⁷ = 2 × 2187 = 4374。这些数列可用于模拟现实中的增长与衰减,因此要能够解读相关的应用题。
8. Function Notation and Evaluation | 函数记号与求值
= 2(-2)² - 5(-2) + 1 = 8 + 10 + 1 = 19. A function maps each input to exactly one output.
函数记号 f(x) 取代了方程中的 y。若 f(x) = 2x² - 5x + 1,则 f(3) 意为代入 x = 3:2(3)² - 5(3) + 1 = 18 - 15 + 1 = 4。要特别注意负值输入:f(-2) = 2(-2)² - 5(-2) + 1 = 8 + 10 + 1 = 19。函数将每个输入值映射为唯一的输出值。
) = 0, so x = 2 or x = -3/2. Functions can have multiple inputs producing the same output.
你可能需要代入代数表达式,如 f(2a) = 2(2a)² - 5(2a) + 1 = 8a² - 10a + 1。同时,要能根据输出值求输入值。解 f(x) = 7:2x² - 5x + 1 = 7 得 2x² - 5x - 6 = 0,因式分解为 (2x + 3)(x - 2) = 0,所以 x = 2 或 x = -3/2。函数可以有多个输入值产生相同的输出值。
9. Composite Functions | 复合函数
= (3x + 2)² = 9x² + 12x + 4, which is completely different. FG and GF are rarely the same.
复合函数将两个函数结合起来,依次应用。fg(x) 表示先执行 g,再执行 f。如果 f(x) = 3x + 2 且 g(x) = x²,则 fg(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x²) = 3x² + 2。注意顺序:gf(x) = g(f(x)) = g(3x + 2) = (3x + 2)² = 9x² + 12x + 4,结果完全不同。fg 和 gf 很少相同。
lways substitute carefully, especially with squared or negative terms. A common error is applying functions in the wrong order, so underline which function goes first.
在某点求复合函数的值时,要从内向外计算。用上述函数求 fg(5):先算 g(5) = 25,再算 f(25) = 3(25) + 2 = 77。代入时要仔细,尤其是含有平方或负号的情况。常见错误是搞错函数的应用顺序,因此可以标出先执行哪个函数。
10. Inverse Functions | 反函数
, so 4y = x + 7, y = (x + 7)/4. Thus f⁻¹(x) = (x + 7)/4. Check by verifying f(f⁻¹(x)) = x.
反函数 f⁻¹(x) 的作用是逆转 f(x) 的运算。求反函数时,写出 y = f(x),交换 x 和 y,然后解出 y。对于 f(x) = 4x - 7:令 y = 4x - 7,交换成 x = 4y - 7,则 4y = x + 7,y = (x + 7)/4。因此 f⁻¹(x) = (x + 7)/4。可通过验证 f(f⁻¹(x)) = x 来检查。
≥ 0 (the domain restriction is important). y = x² + 3, swap: x = y² + 3 → y² = x - 3 → y = √x - 3, taking the positive root because the original domain was x ≥ 0. The inverse is f⁻¹(x) = √x - 3, with domain x ≥ 3. Always state the domain of the inverse if it's restricted. Graphs of a function and its inverse are reflections in the line y = x.
对于 f(x) = x² + 3, x ≥ 0(定义域的限制很重要)。y = x² + 3,交换:x = y² + 3 → y² = x - 3 → y = √x - 3,取正根是因为原定义域 x ≥ 0。反函数为 f⁻¹(x) = √x - 3,定义域 x ≥ 3。若定义域受限,务必注明反函数的定义域。函数与其反函数的图像关于直线 y = x 对称。
11. Graphs of Functions (Linear and Quadratic) | 函数图像(一次和二次)
m = rise/run. For y = 2x - 4, the y-intercept is -4, and slope = 2, meaning up 2, right 1.
一次函数的形式为 y = mx + c,其中 m 是斜率,c 是 y 轴截距。绘图时可用截距法:令 x = 0 得 y 截距,令 y = 0 得 x 截距。或者用斜截法:从 y 轴上的 c 开始,然后利用 m = 纵增量/横增量。对于 y = 2x - 4,y 轴截距为 -4,斜率为 2,即向上 2、向右 1。
at x = 2 giving y = -1. Sketch the smooth curve through these points. Label the graph clearly.
二次函数的图像是抛物线。y = ax² + bx + c,若 a > 0 则开口向上,若 a < 0 则开口向下。找出关键特征:y 轴截距(令 x = 0)、x 轴截距(解 ax² + bx + c = 0)以及顶点(转折点)。顶点的 x 坐标是 -b/(2a)。对于 y = x² - 4x + 3,x 截距为 1 和 3,y 截距为 3,顶点在 x = 2 处,对应 y = -1。用平滑曲线穿过这些点绘制草图,并清晰地标注图像。
12. Inequalities | 不等式
-3 and flip the sign: x ≥ -2. The solution set is all numbers greater than or equal to -2.
解一次不等式遵循与方程相同的规则,但有一个关键区别:当乘以或除以一个负数时,不等号方向要反转。解 5 - 3x ≤ 11:减 5 得 -3x ≤ 6,然后除以 -3 并反转符号:x ≥ -2。解集是所有大于或等于 -2 的数。
ed circle at 3, and shade in between. Always list integers if the question asks for values that satisfy simultaneous inequalities.
在数轴上表示:用空心圆圈表示 < 或 >,用实心圆圈表示 ≤ 或 ≥。对于 x > 1,在 1 处画空心圆圈并向右涂阴影。对于复合不等式如 -2 < x ≤ 3,在 -2 处画空心圆圈,在 3 处画实心圆圈,并在两者之间涂阴影。如果题目要求求出满足联立不等式的整数值,务必一一列出。
ard, so it is above zero outside the interval. Solution: x < -2 or x > 3. Always express using set notation or inequalities as required.
解二次不等式时画草图。解 x² - x - 6 > 0。因式分解:(x - 3)(x + 2) > 0。临界值为 x = 3 和 x = -2。该二次函数开口向上,因此在区间之外大于零。解为:x < -2 或 x > 3。务必按题目要求使用集合符号或不等式表示。
Published by TutorHao | WJEC Maths Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022(同微信)

或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图