📚 Year 12 WJEC Physical Education: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the extensive vocabulary in WJEC Year 12 Physical Education can feel like learning a new language. This guide breaks down high-frequency terms across physiology, skill acquisition, psychology, biomechanics, and socio-cultural topics, pairing each with simple analogies, mnemonics or word-roots to speed up recall. Use it as a revision companion to lock in definitions before your exam.
掌握 WJEC 12 年级体育课程的大量术语，就像学习一门新语言。本指南拆解了生理学、技能习得、心理学、生物力学和社会文化话题中的高频术语，每一组都配有简单的类比、助记口诀或词根联想，帮你快速记忆。把它当作复习伴侣，在考试前牢牢锁定定义。
1. Cardiovascular Key Terms | 心血管关键术语
Cardiac Output (Q): te, given by Q = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate. Remember a Queen (Q) who must send out enough 'SV' and 'HR' to supply her kingdom – no matter how fast she works.
心输出量 (Q)： 心脏每分钟泵出的血量，公式 Q = 每搏输出量 × 心率。联想一位女王 (Queen) 必须向外输送充足的 SV 和 HR 来供应她的王国——不论她节奏多快。
Stroke Volume (SV): Blood ejected per ventricular contraction. A 'stroke' of a brush paints more area when firm and full, just as a strong ventricular contraction gives a larger SV.
每搏输出量 (SV)： 每次心室收缩射出的血量。就像用画笔一划，笔触饱满有力覆盖的面积大，心室收缩有力则 SV 更大。
Starling's Law: Increased venous return stretches cardiac muscle fibres, leading to a more forceful contraction. Think of an elastic band: the more you stretch it, the more powerfully it snaps back.
斯塔林定律： 静脉回流量增加会拉长心肌纤维，使收缩更有力。把它想成橡皮筋：拉得越开，弹回的力量越强。
Vascular Shunt Mechanism: During exercise, arterioles in working muscles vasodilate while those to non-essential organs vasoconstrict. Mnemonic: 'VD to the Moving, VC to the Resting' – vasodilation goes to active muscles, vasoconstriction to resting organs.
血管分流机制： 运动时，工作肌肉中的小动脉舒张，而非必需器官的小动脉收缩。助记:'VD 给运动 (Moving)，VC 给静止 (Resting)'——舒张去往活动肌肉，收缩留给休息器官。
2. Respiratory System Terms | 呼吸系统术语
Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air breathed in or out per breath at rest. Visualise the tide rolling gently in and out – small, rhythmic, and at rest.
潮气量 (TV)： 安静时每次吸入或呼出的气体量。想象潮水轻轻地涨落——少量、有节奏、处于安静状态。
Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum air exhaled after a maximum inhalation. VC sounds like 'vital' – it is the vital lung volume that determines your breathing reserve.
肺活量 (VC)： 尽最大能力吸气后所能呼出的最大气量。VC 发音像'vital'，它正是决定你呼吸储备的关键肺容积。
Minute Ventilation (Vₑ): = Tidal Volume × Breathing Frequency. Picture a Vₑntilator working to match TV and rhythm – the product gives total airflow.
分钟通气量 (Vₑ)： 每分钟进出肺的气体总量，Vₑ = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。想象一台呼吸机 (Vₑntilator) 调节潮气量和节律，乘积就是总流量。
Bohr Shift: obin dissociation curve when CO₂ or acidity increases, helping unload O₂ to muscles. Think 'Bohr = Blow off O₂' – the curve shifts right and O₂ detaches more readily.
波尔效应： 当 CO₂ 或酸性增高时，氧合血红蛋白解离曲线右移，促进 O₂ 向肌肉释放。联想'波尔 = 把 O₂ 吹走'——曲线右移，O₂ 更容易解离。
3. Energy Systems Terminology | 能量系统术语
ATP-PC System (Phosphocreatine): Provides immediate energy for up to 10 seconds, fuelling explosive movements. PC sounds like 'Power Charge' – an instant, short-lasting power boost.
ATP-PC 系统（磷酸肌酸）： 提供最长达 10 秒的即时能量，支撑爆发性动作。PC 听起来像'Power Charge'——瞬间的短暂强力充电。
Lactate Anaerobic System: Breaks down glucose without oxygen, lasting ~60-90 seconds before lactate accumulation causes fatigue. Relate 'lactate' to 'lactic' party – high intensity for about a minute, then discomfort sets in.
乳酸无氧系统： 在无氧条件下分解葡萄糖，持续约 60-90 秒，乳酸堆积导致疲劳。把'lactate'联想成一场乳酸派对——高强度约一分钟，然后不适袭来。
Aerobic System: Oxidises carbohydrates and fats for prolonged exercise, producing large amounts of ATP. Picture 'aero' as air – dependent on oxygen, it fuels long, steady endurance events.
有氧系统： 氧化碳水化合物和脂肪，产生大量 ATP，支撑长时间运动。把'aero'看作空气——依赖氧气，为长距离耐力项目供能。
Energy System Interplay: All three systems contribute at any time, but the dominant system shifts with intensity and duration. Analogous to gears in a car: you never use just one gear, but the engine's demand changes which gear takes the lead.
能量系统协同： 任何时候三个系统都在供能，但主导系统随强度和持续时间切换。就像汽车档位：不会只用一个档位，但引擎需求决定了哪个档位占主导。
4. Muscular System & Contraction Terms | 肌肉系统与收缩术语
Slow-Twitch (Type I) Fibres: Aerobic, fatigue-resistant, suited for endurance. Think 'One Slow' – Type I = one slow and steady worker.
慢肌纤维（I 型）： 有氧代谢、抗疲劳，适合耐力运动。记作'一型慢'——I 型就是一位缓慢而稳定的工人。
Fast-Twitch (Type IIa/IIx) Fibres: Anaerobic, greater force but fatigue quickly. Type II has two fast subtypes – picture two sprinters racing, explosive but they tire fast.
快肌纤维（IIa/IIx 型）： 无氧代谢、力量大但易疲劳。II 型有两个快速亚型——想象两个短跑选手冲刺，爆发力强但很快力竭。
Sliding Filament Theory: Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere, using ATP to form cross-bridges. Visualise rowers pulling on oars: myosin heads pull actin filaments towards the centre line, shortening the 'boat'.
肌丝滑动学说： 肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白丝在 ATP 驱动下形成横桥，相互滑行使肌节缩短。想象划船手划桨：肌球蛋白头将肌动蛋白丝拉向中线，缩短'船身'。
Isotonic & Isometric Contraction: ange with movement (concentric shortens, eccentric lengthens). Isometric means same length – no visible motion. Mnemonic: 'Isotonic = tone moves', 'Isometric = same metre'.
等张收缩与等长收缩： 等张收缩有肌肉长度变化和关节运动（向心收缩缩短，离心收缩拉长）。等长收缩长度不变，无可见运动。助记：'等张 = 张力下移动'，'等长 = 相同长度'。
5. Skill Classification | 技能分类
Open vs Closed Skills: Open skills are performed in unpredictable environments (e.g. a pass in football); closed skills are stable and self-paced (e.g. a free throw in archery). Open door lets in unpredictable forces; closed room stays controlled.
开放式与闭锁式技能： 开放式技能在不可预测环境中执行（如足球传球）；闭锁式技能环境稳定、自我节奏（如射箭）。开着的门迎来不可预测的力量；关闭的房间保持可控。
Gross vs Fine Skills: Gross uses large muscle groups (jumping); fine uses small precise movements (darts). Gross sounds like 'big'; fine as in 'fine detail'.
粗大技能与精细技能： 粗大技能动用大肌群（跳跃）；精细技能使用小而精准的动作（飞镖）。Gross 感觉就'大'；fine 对应'精巧细节'。
Discrete, Serial, Continuous Skills: Discrete has a clear start and finish (penalty kick); serial involves a sequence of discrete actions (triple jump); continuous has no obvious beginning or end (running). Imagine Discrete as a single dot, Serial as a string of pearls, Continuous as an endless line.
离散、序列、连续技能： 离散技能有明确起止点（点球）；序列技能由多个离散动作串联（三级跳远）；连续技能无明显开始与结束（跑步）。离散就像单个圆点，序列是一串珍珠，连续是一条无限延伸的线。
6. Stages of Learning & Feedback | 学习阶段与反馈
Cognitive Stage: The beginner tries to understand the task, making many errors. Think of a toddler taking first steps – mental effort is huge, movements are clumsy.
认知阶段： 初学者努力理解任务，错误频出。想象刚学步的幼儿——精神高度集中，动作笨拙。
Associative Stage: The learner refines movement patterns, detects errors and gradually smooths performance. Associate this with 'associating' feedback to tweak actions, like editing a dance routine.
联结阶段： 学习者优化动作模式，发现错误并逐渐流畅化。联想把反馈'联结'到动作修正上，像是在打磨舞蹈编排。
Autonomous Stage: Performance becomes automatic, requiring little conscious thought. Think of an automated machine – it runs smoothly without constant manual control.
自主阶段： 动作自动化，无需过多意识控制。好比自动化机器——顺畅运行，不需频繁手动操控。
Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Feedback: Intrinsic comes from the performer's senses (feel of the movement); extrinsic is external (coach's comments, video). Internal = inside you; External = extra from outside.
内在反馈与外在反馈： 内在来自执行者的自身感觉（动作感知）；外在来自外部（教练点评、视频）。内在来自内部；外在是外部的额外信息。
Knowledge of Results (KR) vs Knowledge of Performance (KP): ll the movement was executed. Relate: Result = end product; Performance = process quality.
结果知晓 (KR) 与表现知晓 (KP)： KR 告诉你结果（分数、时间），KP 告诉你动作执行的质量。关联：结果 = 最终成果；表现 = 过程品质。
7. Sport Psychology: Arousal & Anxiety | 运动心理学：唤醒与焦虑
Drive Theory: al. The dominant response is more likely as arousal rises. Think of a car pedal: the harder you press, the more the dominant gear engages – but if the wrong habit is dominant, performance can crash.
驱力理论： 表现 = 习惯强度 × 唤醒水平。唤醒越高，优势反应越容易被激发。想象油门踩得越深，主导档位越给力——但如果主导的是错误习惯，表现就会崩溃。
Inverted-U Hypothesis: Performance peaks at moderate arousal and declines if too low or too high. The curve looks like an upside-down U – too sleepy or too frantic both hurt output.
倒U 理论： 表现在中等唤醒时最佳，过低或过高都会下降。曲线像倒写的 U——太困或太亢奋都会损害成果。
Cognitive vs Somatic Anxiety: Cognitive anxiety is mental worry (thoughts of failure); somatic anxiety is physiological (racing heart, sweaty palms). 'Cognitive in the Cranium, Somatic in the Soma (body)'.
认知焦虑与躯体焦虑： 认知焦虑是心理担忧（怕失败的想法）；躯体焦虑是生理反应（心跳加速、手掌出汗）。'认知在脑海里 (Cranium)，躯体在身体 (Soma)。'
Catastrophe Theory: When cognitive anxiety is high, an increase in somatic arousal can cause a sudden dramatic drop in performance. Picture a cliff edge – everything seems fine until you take one step too far, then performance falls off a cliff.
灾难理论： 当认知焦虑很高时，躯体唤醒的增加可能导致表现急剧崩塌。就像悬崖边缘——一切似乎正常，直到多迈一步，表现便坠崖般骤降。
8. Sport Psychology: Aggression & Motivation | 运动心理学：攻击性与动机
Hostile Aggression: Intent to harm, driven by anger. The aim is to inflict injury. Relate 'hostile' to 'hostile act' – it is personal and emotionally charged.
敌意性攻击：
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