📚 Year 13 CIE Sociology: Essential Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | CIE A2社会学核心术语速记指南
Mastering sociological terminology is crucial for top marks in CIE A2. This guide breaks down must-know terms into bite-sized definitions paired with memory tips, helping you recall them quickly in exams.
掌握社会学术语是取得CIE A2高分的关键。本指南将必背术语分解为一口大小的定义与记忆技巧，帮助你在考场上快速回忆。
1. Functionalism Key Terms | 功能主义核心术语
Value consensus: Shared norms and values that unite members of a society. Think of 'values' that everyone 'consents' to, creating social glue.
价值共识：社会成员共享的规范与价值观，将社会凝聚在一起。记忆技巧：想象所有人都 "同意" 的 "价值观"，形成社会胶水。
Social solidarity: The sense of belonging and integration derived from shared values and collective rituals. Recall Durkheim; solidarity binds individuals to the collective conscience.
社会团结：源于共享价值观和集体仪式的归属感与整合感。回想涂尔干；团结将个体与集体意识紧密相连。
Functional prerequisites: Basic needs a society must meet to survive, as described by Parsons' AGIL schema: Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, and Latency. Memorise as 'All Good Institutions Last'.
功能先决条件：社会生存必须满足的基本需求，帕森斯将其归纳为适应、目标达成、整合与潜护（AGIL图示）。记忆口诀：所有好的制度都会持久 (All Good Institutions Last)。
2. Marxism Key Terms | 马克思主义核心术语
Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat: r labour. Remember: Bourgeoisie = Bosses who buy labour; Proletariat = People who produce.
资产阶级与无产阶级：资产阶级拥有生产资料；无产阶级出卖劳动力。记忆：Bourgeoisie 以 B 开头，如同 Boss（老板）；Proletariat 如同 Producer（生产者）。
False class consciousness: A distorted perception of reality that prevents the proletariat from recognising their exploitation. Think of 'false' as fake awareness implanted by ruling ideology.
虚假阶级意识：一种扭曲的现实感知，阻止无产阶级认识到自身被剥削。将 "虚假" 想象成由统治阶级意识形态植入的伪装意识。
Ideological state apparatus (ISA): er distinguished them from repressive state apparatuses. ISA = Ideas Spread Automatically.
意识形态国家机器：传播资产阶级意识形态的制度，如教育和宗教。阿尔都塞将其与镇压性国家机器区分。记忆：ISA 可联想为 "Ideas Spread Automatically"（思想自动传播）。
3. Interactionism & Social Action Terms | 互动论与社会行动术语
Labelling: Attaching a definition or label to an individual or group, influencing their self-identity and behaviour. Becker: deviance is created by labels. Labels are like sticky notes that change behaviour.
标签化：将特定定义或标签赋予个人或群体，影响其自我认同和行为。贝克尔认为越轨由标签创造。标签就像便条纸，会改变行为。
Self-fulfilling prophecy: A false belief that leads to its
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