📚 Year 13 CIE Psychology: Key Terms & Mnemonic Guide | CIE A2 心理学术语速记指南
Mastering the specialist vocabulary of A2 psychology is not merely an exercise in memorisation; it is the foundation for constructing precise, evaluative essays and for demonstrating the depth of understanding that distinguishes a top-band response. The CIE 9990 syllabus demands that you not only define terms but also apply them critically within debates, research studies, and real-world contexts. This guide equips you with mnemonic strategies to internalise key terminology from research methods and two popular specialist options – Abnormality and Health Psychology – so that you can retrieve and deploy these terms with confidence under timed conditions.
掌握 A2 心理学的专业词汇绝不仅仅是一项记忆任务；它是构建精准、评价性论文的基础，也是展示深度理解、斩获高分的标志。CIE 9990 大纲不仅要求你定义术语，更要求你在理论争论、研究实例和实际情境中批判性地运用它们。本指南为你提供记忆术策略，帮助你内化研究方法以及两个热门专项选项（变态心理学和健康心理学）中的关键术语，让你在限时考试中自信地提取并运用这些词汇。
1. Why Terminology is Crucial for A2 Success | 为什么术语对 A2 成功如此重要
In A2 Psychology, terms such as 'ecological validity', 'serotonin hypothesis', or 'transactional model of stress' carry precise meanings that, if used loosely, can undermine the credibility of your argument. Examiners look for explicit use of psychological vocabulary as evidence that you have moved beyond common-sense explanations. Moreover, many 12‑mark and 20‑mark essays require you to use terminology as a framework for analysis, linking concepts like cognitive biases to treatments or stress appraisal to health outcomes. Treat each term as a precision tool: a well‑placed word can elevate a descriptive paragraph into a critical evaluation.
在 A2 心理学中，“生态效度”、“血清素假说”或“压力交互模型”等术语承载着精确的含义。如果使用松散，就会动摇你论点的可信度。考官正是在寻找对心理学术语的明确运用，以此证明你已超越常识性解释。此外，许多 12 分与 20 分的论述题要求你以术语为分析框架，将认知偏差等概念与治疗方案相联结，或将压力评估与健康结局相关联。请把每个术语视为一件精密工具：恰当用词能将描述性段落升华为批判性评价。
2. Research Methods: The Language of Investigation | 研究方法：探究的语言
The bedrock of all psychological knowledge is research methodology. At A2 you must manipulate terms like independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), operationalisation, and confounding variable with ease. The independent variable is the factor the researcher deliberately changes; the dependent variable is the outcome that is measured. Operationalisation means defining your variables in clear, measurable terms – for example, turning 'aggression' into 'number of violent acts observed on a school playground in one hour'. A confounding variable is an uncontrolled extra factor (e.g., noise, time of day) that may distort the effect of the IV on the DV. To remember the order of variables in an experiment, use the mnemonic: 'I Change the IV, then I Collect the DV, and I Control for Confounds.'
一切心理学知识的基石在于研究方法。在 A2 阶段，你必须熟练运用自变量 (IV)、因变量 (DV)、操作化与混淆变量等术语。自变量是研究者有意改变的因素；因变量是被测量的结果。操作化意味着用清晰可测的指标定义变量——例如，将“攻击性”转化为“一小时内操场上观察到的暴力行为次数”。混淆变量是一种不受控制的额外因素（如噪音、一天中的时段），可能扭曲自变量对因变量的影响。为记住实验中变量的顺序，可使用口诀：“我先改 IV，我再收 DV，我控制混淆以免跑偏。”
3. Ethics and Validity: Ensuring Trustworthy Findings | 伦理与效度：确保研究可信
No discussion of research methods is complete without the ethical and validity vocabulary that safeguards participants and findings. Key terms include informed consent (participants must know the nature of the study and agree), deception (if necessary, must be followed by thorough debriefing), and protection from harm. In terms of validity, internal validity refers to whether the IV truly caused the change in the DV, free from confounds; external validity asks whether results can be generalised beyond the specific study context. Ecological validity, a subset of external validity, examines whether the setting and tasks reflect real life. To remember the three types of validity, think 'IVE': Internal, Validity, External. Actually, a better mnemonic: 'ICE' – Internal (cause), Contextual (ecological), External (generalisation). But note that ecological is a type of external. Instead, use 'In, Eco, Ex' – Internal (true cause), Ecological (real-life task), External (broader population).
若不掌握保障被试与研究发现的伦理与效度词汇，研究方法便无从谈起。关键术语包括知情同意（被试必须知晓研究性质并同意）、欺骗（若必须使用，则事后需彻底进行解释说明）和免受伤害。效度方面，内部效度指自变量是否真正导致了因变量的变化且无混淆；外部效度询问结果能否推广到特定研究情境以外的背景。生态效度是外部效度的一种，考察任务设置是否反映真实生活。可借助首字母联想记忆三类效度：'InEcoEx'——内部（真实因果）、生态（真实任务）、外部（更广的总体）。
4. Abnormality: Classification and Diagnosis | 变态心理学：分类与诊断
When studying Abnormality, you will encounter the DSM‑5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) and ICD‑11 (International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision). These classification systems list symptoms and diagnostic criteria. A categorical approach places disorders into distinct types (you either meet the threshold or you do not), whereas a dimensional approach views symptoms on a continuum. Reliability of diagnosis means different clinicians reach the same conclusion for the same patient; validity of diagnosis means the diagnosis reflects an actual, distinct disorder. Cultural bias in diagnosis can occur when Western‑developed criteria are applied to non‑Western individuals, leading to misdiagnosis. Mnemonic for DSM: 'Desk of Symptoms Manual' – it sits on a clinician's desk listing symptoms; or 'Disease Symptom Menu'.
学习变态心理学时，你会遇到 DSM‑5（《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第五版）与 ICD‑11（《国际疾病分类》第十一次修订本）。这些分类系统罗列了症状与诊断标准。类别化取向将障碍归入截然不同的类型（达标或否），而维度化取向则视症状为连续谱系。诊断信度意味着不同临床医生对同一患者得出相同结论；诊断效度则意味着诊断反映了一个真实而独特的障碍。当西方编制的标准被用于非西方人群时，便可能出现诊断中的文化偏见，导致误诊。DSM 的记忆诀窍：'Disease Symptom Menu'（疾病症状菜单），或想象医生桌上摆着Diagnosis Symptoms Manual。
5. Abnormality: Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders | 变态心理学：精神分裂症与心境障碍
symptoms (diminutions or losses, such as avolition and speech poverty). Hallucinations are false sensory perceptions, most commonly auditory; delusions are firmly held false beliefs, like paranoid delusions of persecution. For mood disorders, the term unipolar depression refers to persistent low mood without manic episodes, whereas bipolar disorder involves alternating episodes of depression and mania. Bipolar I is marked by full manic episodes; bipolar II involves hypomania (a milder form) and major depressive episodes. A simple chain to remember: 'Positives are added, negatives are taken away.' For mood states, recall 'Bipolar = two poles (high mania and low depression).'
精神分裂症的术语集中于阳性症状（正常功能的过度表现，如幻觉和妄想）和阴性症状（功能减弱或丧失，如意志缺乏和言语贫乏）。幻觉是虚假的感官知觉，最常见的是幻听；妄想是坚信的错误信念，例如被害妄想。在心境障碍中，单相抑郁指持续的情绪低落而无躁狂发作；双相障碍则包含抑郁与躁狂交替发作。双相 I 型以完全躁狂发作为标志；双相 II 型表现为轻躁狂（程度较轻）与重性抑郁发作。一条简单的记忆链：“阳性是加出来的症状，阴性是拿走的功能。”对于情绪状态，记“双相 = 两个极端（高涨的躁狂与低落的抑郁）”。
6. Abnormality: Therapies and Treatments | 变态心理学：疗法与治疗
Treatment vocabulary spans biological and psychological therapies. Cognitive‑behavioural therapy (CBT) aims to identify and challenge irrational thoughts and maladaptive behaviours; it is often used for depression and anxiety disorders. Drug therapy for schizophrenia includes typical antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol) that block D₂ receptors and atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine) that act on multiple neurotransmitters. For depression, SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) increase serotonin availability at the synapse. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used for severe, treatment‑resistant depression. Mnemonic for CBT: 'Catch the thought, Challenge it, Change the behaviour.' For SSRIs, think 'Serotonin Stays in Synapse'.
治疗术语涵盖生物与心理疗法。认知行为疗法 (CBT) 旨在识别并挑战非理性思维和适应不良行为；该疗法常用于抑郁症与焦虑障碍。精神分裂症的药物治疗包括阻断 D₂ 受体的典型抗精神病药（如氟哌啶醇），以及作用于多种神经递质的非典型抗精神病药（如氯氮平）。用于抑郁症的 SSRI（选择性5‑羟色胺再摄取抑制剂）能增加突触间隙的血清素可用量。电休克疗法 (ECT) 用于重度、难治性抑郁。CBT 的记忆诀窍：“抓住念头，挑战它，改变行为。” SSRI 可记：“血清素留在突触里（Serotonin Stays in the Synapse）”。
7. Health Psychology: Stress and Coping | 健康心理学：压力与应对
In Health Psychology, the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) proposed by Selye describes the body's non‑specific response to stressors in three stages: Alarm (the fight‑or‑flight activation), Resistance (coping attempts and sustained physiological arousal), and Exhaustion (resources depleted, vulnerability to illness). Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model argues that stress arises from an imbalance between perceived demands and perceived resources; its key terms are primary appraisal (is this a threat?), secondary appraisal (can I cope?), and re‑appraisal (ongoing evaluation). Coping strategies divide into problem‑focused (tackling the stressor directly) and emotion‑focused (regulating the emotional response). Use the mnemonic 'ARE you stressed?' – Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.
健康心理学中，塞利提出的一般适应综合征 (GAS) 描述了身体对应激源的非特异性反应，分为三个阶段：警觉期（战斗或逃跑激活）、抵抗期（应对努力与持续的生理唤起）和衰竭期（资源耗尽，易患疾病）。拉扎勒斯与福克曼的交互模型则认为，压力源于知觉到的需求与知觉到的资源之间的失衡；其关键术语是初级评估（这是威胁吗？）、次级评估（我能应对吗？）以及再评估（持续评价）。应对策略分为问题中心应对（直接处理应激源）与情绪中心应对（调节情绪反应）。用口诀 “ARE you stressed?”来记忆：Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion。
8. Health Psychology: Pain and Its Management | 健康心理学：疼痛及其管理
the simple sensory experience. The gate control theory (Melzack & Wall) proposes a neural 'gate' the gate (more pain), whereas relaxation and distraction can close it. Acute pain is short‑ pain management combines pharmacological, psychological, and physical interventions. The placebo effect – a real improvement resulting from the belief in treatment – illustrates psychological influences on pain. Visualise the gate in the spine with a sign: 'Open = Anxious, Closed = Calm'.
疼痛术语不限于单纯的感觉体验。闸门控制理论（梅尔扎克与沃尔）提出，脊髓中存在一个神经“闸门”，它会开启或关闭，从而调节传向大脑的疼痛信号。焦虑等因子打开闸门（增加疼痛），而放松和分心则能关闭闸门。急性疼痛持续时间短，具有保护功能；慢性疼痛则超出常规愈合期，且往往缺乏明确的生物学病因。多模式疼痛管理融合药物、心理与身体干预。安慰剂效应——因对治疗的信念而产生的真实改善——也显示了心理对疼痛的影响。想象脊柱上的闸门挂着牌子：“开 = 焦虑，关 = 冷静”。
9. Health Psychology: Adherence and Health Promotion | 健康心理学：依从性与健康促进
Adherence refers to the extent to which a patient's behaviour matches medical advice; it is preferred over 'compliance' because it implies an active, voluntary partnership. The Health Belief Model (HBM) predicts health‑protective behaviour based on perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self‑efficacy. For example, a person will take medicine for asthma only if they believe they are vulnerable (susceptibility), the consequences are serious (severity), the medicine works (benefits), the side effects are tolerable (barriers), something prompts them (cues to action), and they feel capable of doing it (self‑efficacy). Use the acronym 'SSBB CS' or the sentence 'Suddenly Susan Bought Bright Coloured Socks' (Susceptibility, Severity, Benefits, Barriers, Cues, Self‑efficacy).
依从性指患者行为与医嘱的吻合程度；它优于“遵从”一词，因为后者隐含主动自愿的合作关系。健康信念模型 (HBM) 依据知觉到的易感性、知觉到的严重性、知觉到的收益、知觉到的障碍、行动线索以及自我效能感来预测健康保护行为。例如，一个人愿意服用哮喘药物，仅当他相信自己容易发病（易感性）、后果严重（严重性）、药物有效（收益）、副作用可忍（障碍）、有某事提醒了他（行动线索），且他感觉自己能做到（自我效能感）。用首字母 'SSBB CS' 或句子 'Suddenly Susan Bought Bright Coloured Socks' 来记忆。
10. General Mnemonic Devices for Psychology | 心理学通用记忆术
Beyond content‑specific mnemonics, deploy general memory strategies to lock in your glossary. Acronyms condense lists into pronounceable words (GAS, HBM, CBT). Acrostics use a crafted sentence where each initial letter stands for a term (e.g., 'Only Cats Drink Milk After Tea' for observational learning steps: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation – though this is AS, it illustrates the method). The Method of Loci (memory palace) involves visualising terms placed in familiar locations. Chunking groups related ideas, such as all 'validity' terms together. Flashcard apps like Anki harness spaced repetition. When you encounter a term like 'concordance', actively link it to a vivid mental image: picture two hands shaking in agreement with a prescription floating between them.
除特定内容的记忆术外，还可运用通用记忆策略锁定你的词汇库。首字母缩略词将列表压缩为可读词（GAS, HBM, CBT）。藏头句则利用一句话中每个单词的首字母代表一个术语（例如 'Only Cats Drink Milk After Tea' 对应观察学习的步骤：注意、保持、再现、动机——虽说这是 AS 内容，但可展示方法）。地点法（记忆宫殿）将术语置于熟悉的空间中视觉化。组块法将相关的概念归为一类，比如把全部“效度”术语放在一起。像 Anki 这样的闪卡应用利用间隔重复。当你遇到“一致性(concordance)”这个词时，主动将其与生动的心理图像关联：想象两只手在处方上握手以示同意。
11. Applying Terminology in Essays and Exams | 在论文与考试中运用术语
Simply knowing the words is not enough; you must weave them naturally into your writing. When tackling a 20‑mark evaluation, state the term succinctly, give its definition within context, and immediately link it to evidence or a theoretical debate. For instance: 'The transaction model of stress (Lazarus & Folkman) emphasises secondary appraisal, a concept that accounts for individual differences in coping better than the purely physiological GAS.' Avoid 'term‑dropping' – throwing in a technical word without explanation. Practice by writing a paragraph that uses five target terms fluidly, then check that each one adds genuine meaning rather than clutter. Use active recall: cover the glossary, write a definition, and then craft an exam‑style sentence containing that term.
仅仅知道词汇还不够；你必须将它们自然地编织进写作。处理 20 分评价题时，先简洁地陈述术语，在语境中给出定义，并立刻将其与证据或理论争论相连接。例如：“拉扎勒斯和福克曼的压力交互模型强调次级评估，这一概念比纯生理的 GAS 更能解释个体应对差异。”避免“术语堆砌”——不加解释地抛出一个专业词。通过写作一个流畅运用五个目标术语的段落来练习，然后检查每个术语是否都增加了实质意义而非赘余。使用主动回忆：盖住词汇表，写出定义，再构思一个包含该术语的考试风格句子。
12. Conclusion: Building a Robust Psychological Vocabulary | 结语：建构稳固的心理学词汇
A rich psychological lexicon is your intellectual armour for the A2 exams. By combining mnemonic hooks with repeated, spaced application, you transform a daunting list of terms into a readily accessible toolkit. Revisit these terms weekly, say them aloud, and challenge yourself to paraphrase them in both English and your native tongue. As you do so, you will notice that your essays become clearer, your evaluations more incisive, and your confidence in tackling any question steadily grows. Psychology is, after all, a discipline built on words – make them your strength.
丰富的心理学词汇库是你应对 A2 考试的思想武装。通过将记忆挂钩与重复、间隔的应用相结合，你可以把令人生畏的术语表转化为随手可取的工具箱。每周回顾这些术语，大声朗读，并尝试用英文和母语分别加以转述。当你这样做时，你会发现自己的文章变得更清晰，评价更犀利，应对任何题目的信心也稳步增长。心理学毕竟是一门建立在词语之上的学科——就让它们成为你的优势。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图