📚 Year 12 WJEC Computer Science: Quick Glossary & Terminology Guide | Year 12 WJEC 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the core vocabulary of WJEC Computer Science at Year 12 level is essential for both exam success and practical programming tasks. This guide breaks down the most important terms across key topics, pairing each English definition with its Chinese equivalent to help bilingual learners build a solid technical foundation quickly and efficiently.
掌握 WJEC 计算机科学 Year 12 核心词汇是考试成功和实践编程任务的关键。本指南按关键主题分解最重要的术语，将每条英文定义与其中文译文配对，帮助双语学习者快速高效地建立扎实的技术基础。
1. Data Representation Terminology | 数据表示术语
Bit – The smallest unit of data in a computer, represented as a 0 or 1. All data inside a computer is stored and processed as a series of bits.
比特 (bit) – 计算机中数据的最小单位，用 0 或 1 表示。计算机内部所有数据都以比特序列的形式存储和处理。
Byte – A group of 8 bits. Bytes are the basic unit used to measure memory size and storage capacity, with kilobyte, megabyte and gigabyte being common multiples.
字节 (byte) – 由 8 个比特组成的一组。字节是度量内存大小和存储容量的基本单位，千字节、兆字节和吉字节是常见的倍数。
Nibble – A group of 4 bits, equal to half a byte. Nibbles are useful when working with hexadecimal notation because one hex digit represents exactly one nibble.
半字节 (nibble) – 由 4 个比特组成的一组，等于半个字节。在使用十六进制表示法时，半字节非常有用，因为一个十六进制数字正好代表一个半字节。
Binary – A base-2 number system using only the digits 0 and 1. Computers use binary because it is easy to represent electronically with two voltage levels.
二进制 – 只使用数字 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数字系统。计算机使用二进制，因为它易于用两种电压电平进行电子表示。
Hexadecimal – A base-16 number system using digits 0-9 and letters A-F. Programmers often use hex as a more human-friendly way to represent binary data, as two hex digits represent one byte.
十六进制 – 使用数字 0-9 和字母 A-F 的基数为 16 的数字系统。程序员常用十六进制作为更易读的方式来表示二进制数据，因为两个十六进制数字代表一个字节。
2. Computer Hardware Fundamentals | 计算机硬件基础
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – The main component that executes instructions. It fetches, decodes and executes program instructions in a continuous cycle, and consists of the control unit, arithmetic logic unit and registers.
中央处理器 (CPU) – 执行指令的主要组件。它以连续的周期取指、译码并执行程序指令，由控制单元、算术逻辑单元和寄存器组成。
Von Neumann Architecture – A stored-program concept where both instructions and data are held in the same main memory. This design is the basis for almost all modern computers, with a single shared bus for data and instructions.
冯·诺依曼体系结构 – 一种存储程序概念，指令和数据存放在相同的主存储器中。该设计是几乎所有现代计算机的基础，数据和指令共用一条总线。
Control Unit (CU) – The part of the CPU that directs operations, decoding instructions and generating control signals to coordinate all other components.
控制单元 (CU) – CPU 中指挥操作的部分，负责译码指令并生成控制信号以协调所有其他组件。
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – Performs all arithmetic and logical calculations, such as addition, subtraction, comparisons and Boolean operations.
算术逻辑单元 (ALU) – 执行所有算术和逻辑运算，如加、减、比较和布尔操作。
Register – A small, high-speed storage location inside the CPU used to hold data temporarily, including the program counter, accumulator, memory address register and current instruction register.
寄存器 – CPU 内部的小型高速存储位置，用于临时存放数据，包括程序计数器、累加器、存储器地址寄存器和当前指令寄存器。
3. Systems Software and Operating Systems | 系统软件与操作系统
Operating System (OS) – Software that manages hardware resources and provides common services for application programs. Key functions include memory management, process scheduling, file management and providing a user interface.
操作系统 (OS) – 管理硬件资源并为应用程序提供通用服务的软件。关键功能包括内存管理、进程调度、文件管理和提供用户界面。
Kernel – The core component of an OS that stays in memory and controls all essential system operations, bridging software and hardware.
内核 – 操作系统的核心组件，常驻内存并控制所有关键系统操作，是软件与硬件之间的桥梁。
Utility Software – System software designed to help analyse, configure, optimise or maintain a computer, such as antivirus, disk defragmenters and backup tools.
实用程序软件 – 用于分析、配置、优化或维护计算机的系统软件，如防病毒软件、磁盘碎片整理程序和备份工具。
Virtual Machine – A software-based emulation of a computer system that runs an OS and applications as if it were a physical machine, allowing multiple environments on one hardware platform.
虚拟机 – 基于软件模拟的计算机系统，如同物理机一样运行操作系统和应用程序，允许在一个硬件平台上运行多个环境。
4. Programming Constructs and Data Types | 编程结构与数据类型
Sequence – The most basic programming construct where instructions are executed one after another in the order they appear.
顺序结构 – 最基本的编程结构，指令按出现的顺序一条接一条执行。
Selection – A construct that allows a program to choose different paths of execution based on a condition, using if, else if and else statements.
选择结构 – 允许程序根据条件选择不同执行路径的结构，使用 if、else if 和 else 语句。
Iteration – A construct that repeats a block of code either a set number of times (count-controlled) or until a condition is met (condition-controlled), implemented with for and while loops.
迭代结构 – 重复执行一段代码块的结构，可以是固定次数（计数控制）或直到满足条件（条件控制），通过 for 和 while 循环实现。
Integer – A whole number data type without a fractional part. It can be signed (positive or negative) or unsigned.
整型 (integer) – 不带小数部分的整数数据类型，可分为有符号（正或负）和无符号。
String – A sequence of characters used to represent text. Strings are typically immutable in many high-level languages, meaning they cannot be changed after creation.
字符串 (string) – 用于表示文本的字符序列。在许多高级语言中字符串通常不可变，即创建后不可更改。
5. Data Structures and Algorithms | 数据结构与算法
Array – A static, fixed-size data structure that stores elements of the same data type in contiguous memory locations, accessed via an index.
数组 (array) – 一种静态的、固定大小的数据结构，将相同数据类型的元素存储在连续的内存位置中，通过索引访问。
Record – A data structure that groups related items of possibly different data types into a single unit, with each item identified by a field name.
记录 (record) – 一种将可能不同数据类型的相关项组合成单个单元的数据结构，每个项由字段名标识。
Stack – A LIFO (Last In, First Out) data structure where elements are added and removed from the top. Operations are push (add) and pop (remove). Used for recursion and undo mechanisms.
栈 (stack) – 一种后进先出 (LIFO) 的数据结构，元素在栈顶添加和移除。操作有压入 (push) 和弹出 (pop)。用于递归和撤销机制。
Queue – A FIFO (First In, First Out) data structure where elements are added at the rear and removed from the front. Used in scheduling and buffering.
队列 (queue) – 一种先进先出 (FIFO) 的数据结构，元素在队尾添加、从队首移除。用于调度和缓冲。
6. Algorithmic Complexity and Searching | 算法复杂度与搜索
Linear Search – A simple search algorithm that checks every element in a list sequentially until the target is found or the end is reached. Average and worst-case time complexity O(n).
线性搜索 – 一种简单的搜索算法，顺序检查列表中的每个元素，直到找到目标或到达末尾。平均和最坏情况时间复杂度为 O(n)。
Binary Search – An efficient search algorithm that works on sorted lists by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half. Worst-case O(log n).
二分搜索 – 一种高效的搜索算法，通过不断将搜索区间减半来在已排序列表中工作。最坏情况为 O(log n)。
Bubble Sort – A simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent pairs and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. Average complexity O(n²).
冒泡排序 – 一种简单的排序算法，反复遍历列表，比较相邻元素并在顺序错误时交换。平均复杂度 O(n²)。
Big O Notation – A mathematical notation used to describe the upper bound of an algorithm's time or space requirements as the input size grows, e.g. O(1), O(n), O(n²), O(2ⁿ).
大 O 表示法 – 一种数学符号，用于描述随着输入规模增长，算法所需时间或空间的上界，例如 O(1)、O(n)、O(n²)、O(2ⁿ)。
7. Networking and Communication | 网络与通信
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network covering a small geographical area, such as a school or office, typically using Ethernet or Wi-Fi with high data transfer rates.
局域网 (LAN) – 覆盖较小地理区域的网络，如学校或办公室，通常使用以太网或 Wi-Fi，具有高数据传输速率。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – A network that spans a large geographical area, often connecting multiple LANs. The Internet is the largest WAN, using routers and leased lines.
广域网 (WAN) – 跨越较大地理区域的网络，通常连接多个局域网。互联网是最大的广域网，使用路由器和租用线路。
Protocol – A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network. HTTP, TCP, IP, and FTP are key examples.
协议 – 规定数据如何在网络上传输和接收的一组规则。HTTP、TCP、IP 和 FTP 是主要例子。
TCP/IP Stack – A layered set of protocols that enables communication across the Internet: Application (HTTP, SMTP), Transport (TCP), Internet (IP) and Link layers.
TCP/IP 协议栈 – 一组分层的协议，实现互联网通信：应用层 (HTTP, SMTP)、传输层 (TCP)、网络层 (IP) 和链路层。
Client-Server Model – A network architecture where a central server provides resources or services, and client devices request them. Web servers and email servers follow this model.
客户端-服务器模型 – 一种网络架构，中央服务器提供资源或服务，客户端设备请求这些服务。Web 服务器和电子邮件服务器遵循此模型。
8. Boolean Logic and Circuits | 布尔逻辑与电路
AND Gate – A logic gate that outputs 1 only when both inputs are 1. Its truth table follows A AND B.
与门 (AND gate) – 仅当两个输入均为 1 时才输出 1 的逻辑门，真值表遵循 A AND B。
OR Gate – Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1, following the logical OR operation.
或门 (OR gate) – 如果至少一个输入为 1 则输出 1，遵循逻辑或运算。
NOT Gate – A single-input gate that inverts the input: 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0.
非门 (NOT gate) – 单输入门，反转输入：0 变 1，1 变 0。
Truth Table – A table that shows every possible combination of inputs and the corresponding output for a logic circuit or Boolean expression.
真值表 – 展示逻辑电路或布尔表达式中每种可能的输入组合及其对应输出的表格。
Boolean Algebra – logic operations, fundamental to designing digital circuits, using laws such as De Morgan's Laws: NOT(A AND B) = NOT A OR NOT B.
布尔代数 – 处理二进制变量和逻辑运算的代数系统，是数字电路设计的基础，所用定律如德摩根定律：NOT(A AND B) = NOT A OR NOT B。
9. Software Development Methodologies | 软件开发方法学
Waterfall Model – A linear sequential development process where each phase (analysis, design, implementation, testing, maintenance) must be completed before moving to the next. Suitable for projects with fixed requirements.
瀑布模型 – 一种线性顺序的开发过程，每个阶段（分析、设计、实现、测试、维护）必须完成后才能进入下一阶段。适用于需求固定的项目。
Agile Methodology – An iterative approach to software development that emphasises flexibility, collaboration and rapid delivery of small, functional increments. Scrum and Kanban are common Agile frameworks.
敏捷方法学 – 一种迭代式软件开发方法，强调灵活性、协作和快速交付小型功能增量。Scrum 和看板是常见的敏捷框架。
Abstraction – The process of removing unnecessary detail to focus on the essential features of a system. In programming, this is achieved through functions, classes and modules.
抽象 – 去除不必要的细节以专注于系统基本特性的过程。在编程中，通过函数、类和模块实现抽象。
Decomposition – Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable sub-problems, each of which can be tackled independently before combining solutions.
分解 – 将复杂问题拆分为更小、更易管理的子问题，每个子问题可独立解决后再合并解决方案。
10. Legal, Moral and Ethical Issues | 法律、道德与伦理问题
Data Protection Act – UK legislation that governs how personal data is used, requiring organisations to process data fairly, lawfully and securely, and giving individuals rights over their own data.
数据保护法 – 英国法律，规范个人数据的使用方式，要求组织公平、合法、安全地处理数据，并赋予个人对其数据的权利。
Computer Misuse Act – UK law that makes it illegal to access computer material without permission, to carry out unauthorised acts with intent to commit further offences, or to impair computer operation.
计算机滥用法 – 英国法律，规定未经许可访问计算机资料、意图犯罪而实施未授权行为或破坏计算机操作均属非法。
Copyright – A legal right granting the creator of original work exclusive control over its use and distribution. Software, graphics and text are protected by copyright, and unauthorised copying is infringement.
版权 – 授予原创作品创作者对其使用和分发拥有专有控制权的法律权利。软件、图形和文本受版权保护，未经授权的复制属于侵权。
Open Source Software – Software whose source code is made freely available and can be modified and shared. It encourages collaboration but carries its own licensing conditions, such as the GPL.
开源软件 – 源代码免费公开且可被修改和共享的软件。它鼓励协作，但带有自身的许可条件，如 GPL。
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