📚 WJEC Year 12 English: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terminology | WJEC Year 12 英语：词汇术语速记指南
This guide distils the essential language and literary terminology you must know for WJEC Year 12 English. We group terms by function, offer simple memory hooks and show how to apply them in analysis. Master these quickly and boost your confidence for both unseen analysis and set text essays.
本指南提炼了 WJEC Year 12 英语考试必须掌握的核心语言与文学术语。我们按功能分组，提供简单的记忆钩子，并展示如何在分析中运用它们。快速掌握这些术语，提升你在非文学类文本分析和指定文本论文中的信心。
1. Imagery and Figurative Language | 意象与修辞语言
Imagery uses sensory details to create vivid mental pictures. Figurative language moves beyond literal meaning, inviting readers to see connections and feel emotions. WJEC marks reward precise labelling, so move beyond 'it creates an image' and name the device.
意象运用感官细节创造生动的脑海图像。修辞语言超越字面意义，邀请读者发现联系并感受情感。WJEC 评分奖励精确命名，因此不要只说“它创造了一个意象”，要说出具体修辞手法。
- Simile – a direct comparison using 'like' or 'as': The sky hung like a grey bruise.
- 明喻 – 用“像”“如同”等词进行直接比较：天空像一片灰色的淤青悬挂着。
- Metaphor – an implied comparison where one thing is said to be another: Her voice was silk.
- 暗喻 – 把一个事物直接说成是另一个事物：她的嗓音是丝绸。
- Personification – giving human qualities to inanimate objects: The wind whispered through the trees.
- 拟人 – 赋予无生命之物以人的特性：风在树间低语。
- Extended metaphor – a comparison developed over several lines or a whole text.
- 扩展隐喻 – 贯穿数行或整篇文本的比较。
Memory hook: Picture Simba the simile 'like' a lion; a metaphor marries two ideas; personification puts a person in an object.
记忆钩子：想象辛巴（Simba）明喻“像”一头狮子；暗喻将两个概念结合在一起；拟人把一个人放进物体里。
2. Sound Devices and Phonology | 语音手段与音韵学
Sound devices shape rhythm, mood and tone. When you identify them, always link the sound to the effect – harsh sounds may suggest aggression, soft sounds may create calm. Use the right phonological labels to access top-band marks.
语音手段塑造节奏、情绪和语气。当你指出它们时，一定要将声音与效果联系起来——刺耳的声音可能表示攻击性，轻柔的声音可能营造宁静。使用正确的音韵学术语以获取高分段分数。
- Alliteration – repetition of initial consonant sounds: bitter blue bleakness.
- 头韵 – 词首辅音的重复：bitter blue bleakness。
- Sibilance – repetition of 's' and 'sh' sounds, creating a hissing effect.
- 咝音 – “s”“sh”等咝音的重复，产生嘶嘶效果。
- Assonance – repetition of vowel sounds within words: the slow moan of the ocean.
- 腹韵 – 词内元音的重复：the slow moan of the ocean。
- Onomatopoeia – words that imitate sounds: crash, bang, murmur.
- 拟声词 – 模仿声音的词：crash, bang, murmur。
- Plosive – explosive consonants /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ that can sound forceful.
- 爆破音 – 发音有爆发感的辅音 /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/，可产生有力或愤怒的效果。
Memory hook: Alliteration = A for 'at the start'; sibilance hisses like a snake; assonance is 'ah' vowel sounds echoing.
记忆钩子：头韵（Alliteration）首字母 A 代表 at the start；咝音像蛇一样发嘶嘶声；腹韵（assonance）是“啊”的元音在回响。
3. Structural and Organisational Features | 结构与组织特征
Structure is not just what happens but the order and pacing of events. For WJEC, you need to comment on whole-text shape: shifts in focus, time jumps, juxtaposition and how endings loop back to openings. Always use the term 'structural feature' explicitly.
结构不只是发生了什么，而是事件的顺序和节奏。对 WJEC 而言，你需要评论整体文章形态：焦点转移、时间跳跃、对比并置，以及结尾如何回应开头。明确使用“结构特征”这一术语。
- Chronological structure – events unfold in time order.
- 时间顺序结构 – 按时间先后展开事件。
- Flashback / analepsis – a shift back in time.
- 倒叙 – 时间前移。
- Cyclical structure – the text ends where it began, often suggesting inevitability.
- 环形结构 – 文本结尾回到开头，常暗示循环往复或不可避免。
- Juxtaposition – placing two ideas or images side by side for contrast or comparison.
- 对比并置 – 将两个想法或意象并列放置，形成对比或比较。
- Foreshadowing – hints of what is to come.
- 伏笔 – 对未来事件的暗示。
Memory hook: Structure is the skeleton; flashbacks jolt you back; cyclical structure eats its own tail.
记忆钩子：结构是骨架；倒叙把你猛地拽回过去；环形结构像蛇在吃自己的尾巴。
4. Word Classes and Grammar | 词性与语法
A confident use of grammatical labels gives your analysis authority. You must be able to name the word class and explain how the choice shapes meaning – for instance, why a writer selects dynamic verbs over stative ones.
自信地使用语法标签会让你的分析更具权威。你必须能说出词性并解释这一选择如何塑造意义——例如，作者为何选用动态动词而不是静态动词。
| Word Class | Function | 词性 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Noun | Names a person, place, thing, or idea. | 名词 | 命名人、地点、事物或概念。 |
| Verb | Shows action or state; can be dynamic, stative, or modal. | 动词 | 表示动作或状态；可分为动态、静态或情态动词。 |
| Adjective | Modifies a noun; can be comparative, superlative. | 形容词 | 修饰名词；可有比较级、最高级。 |
| Adverb | Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb; often ends in -ly. | 副词 | 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词；常以 -ly 结尾。 |
| Pronoun | Replaces a noun; 1st person (I, we), 2nd (you), 3rd (he, she, they). | 代词 | 代替名词；第一人称（我、我们）、第二人称（你）、第三人称（他、她、他们）。 |
Memory hook: Nouns name everything; verbs do or be; adjectives add colour; adverbs answer how, when, where.
记忆钩子：名词命名万物；动词表示“做”或“是”；形容词增添色彩；副词回答如何、何时、何地。
5. Sentence Types and Their Effects | 句子类型与效果
Sentence variety controls pace and reader engagement. Analyse not just the type, but the length and punctuation that shape it. A sudden minor sentence can deliver an emotional punch; a periodic sentence can build tension until the very end.
句子多样性控制节奏和读者参与度。不仅分析句子类型，还要分析决定其形态的长度和标点。突然的短句能产生情感冲击；掉尾句可以将张力一直积蓄到最后。
- Simple sentence – one independent clause: She ran.
- 简单句 – 一个独立分句：她跑了。
- Compound sentence – two or more clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.
- 并列句 – 由并列连词连接的两个或多个分句。
- Complex sentence – an independent clause plus one or more dependent clauses.
- 复合句 – 一个独立分句加上一个或多个从属分句。
- Minor sentence – an incomplete sentence used for effect: What a mess.
- 单部句 – 为达到效果而使用的不完整句子：真是一团糟。
- Periodic sentence – the main clause comes at the end, creating suspense.
- 掉尾句 – 主句在末尾，制造悬念。
ea, compound = 2 hands joined, complex = one main idea carrying extras, minor = quick jab.
记忆钩子：简单句=1个想法，并列句=两只手相连，复合句=一个主要想法携带着附加信息，单部句=快速刺拳。
6. Lexical Choices and Register | 词汇选择与语域
Lexis refers to the vocabulary a writer chooses. Register is the level of formality adopted. WJEC markers expect you to discuss connotations, semantic fields and shifts in tone. Move on from 'positive words' and name the specific field.
Lexis 指作者选用的词汇。语域是采用的正式程度。WJEC 考官希望你能讨论内涵意义、语义场和语气变化。从“正面词语”推进到说出具体的语义场。
- Semantic field – a group of words linked by theme: hospital, scalpel, wound create a medical field.
- 语义场 – 按主题关联的一组词：医院、手术刀、伤口构成医疗语义场。
- High-frequency / low-frequency lexis – common vs. rare words.
- 高频 / 低频词汇 – 常见词与罕见词。
- Colloquialism – informal, conversational language.
- 口语表达 – 非正式的会话语言。
- Jargon – technical language specific to a field.
- 行话 – 特定领域的专业术语。
- Tone – the writer's attitude: ironic, sarcastic, nostalgic, foreboding.
- 语气 – 作者的态度：讽刺、挖苦、怀旧、不祥的预感。
Memory hook: Semantic field = all words belonging to one 'family'; register = how your clothes match the occasion.
记忆钩子：语义场=属于同一个“家族”的所有词；语域=你的着装如何和场合匹配。
7. Narrative Perspective and Voice | 叙述视角与声音
Understanding who tells the story and how changes everything. A first-person narrator is not the same as the author. Pay attention to reliability, distance and how perspective filters events. Use the terms 'diegetic level' or 'focaliser' where appropriate for extra sophistication.
理解谁在讲述故事以及如何讲述会改变一切。第一人称叙述者不等同于作者。注意可靠性、距离感以及视角如何过滤事件。在适当的时候使用“故事层”或“聚焦者”这类术语能增加分析的精细度。
- First-person narrator – 'I' tells the story; limited knowledge.
- 第一人称叙述者 – “我”讲述故事；知识有限。
- Third-person limited – the narrator zooms into one character's thoughts.
- 第三人称有限视角 – 叙述者只聚焦一个人物的内心。
- Omniscient narrator – all-knowing, sees into every mind.
- 全知叙述者 – 无所不知，洞悉每个人物的思想。
- Unreliable narrator – a speaker whose credibility is compromised.
- 不可靠叙述者 – 可信度被削弱的讲述者。
- Stream of consciousness – a flow of thoughts and feelings without clear organisation.
- 意识流 – 没有清晰组织的思想情感流动。
e a single head; omniscient = flying above all heads; unreliable = wearing tinted glasses.
记忆钩子：第一人称=在一个脑袋里；全知视角=飞在所有脑袋之上；不可靠叙述者=戴着有色眼镜。
8. Persuasive and Rhetorical Devices | 说服与修辞手段
Whether you are analysing a speech, an article or a character's dialogue, rhetorical techniques shape the power of the argument. Link each device to the intended impact on the audience. Never just say 'it makes the reader think'; specify what it makes them think or do.
无论你在分析演讲、文章还是人物对话，修辞技巧都塑造着论证的力量。将每种手段与其对受众的预期影响联系起来。绝不要只说“它让读者思考”；要具体说明它让他们思考什么或者做什么。
- Rhetorical question – a question asked for effect, not an answer.
- 反问句 – 为效果而提、不期待回答的问题。
- Triple / rule of three – three parallel items: friends, Romans, countrymen.
- 三连排比 – 三个并列项：朋友们，罗马人们，同胞们。
- Anaphora – repetition of a word or phrase at the start of successive clauses.
- 首语重复 – 一系列分句开头的词或短语的重复。
- Imperative – a command: Act now.
- 祈使句 – 命令：立刻行动。
- Hyperbole – deliberate exaggeration for emphasis.
- 夸张 – 为强调而故意夸大。
rical question = no hand raised; triple = a triangle of power; anaphora = an echo that won't stop.
记忆钩子：反问句=没有手举起来；三连=力量的三角形；首语重复=持续不断的回声。
9. Discourse and Pragmatics | 语篇与语用
Moving beyond sentence-level analysis, discourse examines how texts are constructed and how meaning depends on context and shared knowledge. Pragmatics deals with implied meaning – what is suggested but not said. Using these terms will push your grade upward.
超越句子层面的分析，语篇考察文本如何构建以及意义如何依赖语境和共有的知识。语用学处理隐含意义——暗示但未明说的内容。使用这些术语会提升你的分数等级。
- Discourse marker – words that organise text: however, furthermore, first.
- 话语标记 – 组织语篇的词语：然而、此外、首先。
- Implicature – an implied meaning that goes beyond the literal words.
- 隐含意义 – 超越字面词的暗示意义。
- Back-channel – feedback in spoken conversation: mm, right, okay.
- 回应语 – 口语交谈中的反馈：嗯、对、好的。
- Adjacency pair – a two-part exchange: question-answer, greeting-greeting.
- 相邻语对 – 两部分的交流：问答、问候问候。
- Deixis – words that point to context: this, that, here, now.
- 指示语 – 指向语境的词：这个、那个、这儿、现在。
Memory hook: Discourse markers are signposts; implicature is reading between the lines; deixis points a finger at the situation.
记忆钩子：话语标记是指路牌；隐含意义是读出字里行间的意思；指示语用手指向情境。
10. Poetic Form and Meter (For Poetry Analysis) | 诗歌形式与格律（用于诗歌分析）
If you are studying poetry for WJEC, naming the form and meter shows technical competence. Even if you do not need to scan every line, knowing the common patterns helps you discuss structure with confidence. Always link the meter to the mood – a steady iambic pentameter might feel conversational, while a broken rhythm could mirror distress.
如果你在为 WJEC 学习诗歌，说出形式和格律可以展现技术能力。即使不需要扫描每一行，了解常见模式也能帮助你自信地讨论结构。始终将格律与情绪联系起来——稳健的五步抑扬格可能显得像日常对话，而破碎的节奏则可能反映焦虑。
- Sonnet – a 14-line poem, often in iambic pentameter; Petrarchan or Shakespearean.
- 十四行诗 – 14行诗，常用五步抑扬格；分为彼特拉克体和莎士比亚体。
- Blank verse – unrhymed iambic pentameter.
- 无韵诗 – 不押韵的五步抑扬格。
- Free verse – no regular meter or rhyme.
- 自由诗 – 没有规律的格律或韵脚。
- Iambic pentameter – five iambs per line (unstressed + stressed).
- 五步抑扬格 – 每行五个抑扬格（非重音+重音）。
- Enjambment – a line runs on without a pause.
- 跨行连续 – 一行不停顿直接延续到下一行。
Memory hook: Sonnet = 14 lines of love and argument; iambic = 'da-DUM' heartbeat; free verse = freedom.
记忆钩子：十四行诗=14行爱与辩论；抑扬格=“哒-咚”心跳节奏；自由诗=自由。
11. Quick Memorisation Strategies | 速记策略
Rote learning of terms is not enough. You need to embed them in your active writing vocabulary so they come naturally under pressure. Use these strategies daily, even for five minutes, and watch your terminology become automatic.
死记硬背术语是不够的。你需要将它们嵌入你主动写作词汇中，以便在压力下自然使用。每天使用这些策略，哪怕只有五分钟，看着你的术语变得自动化。
- Flashcard pairs – term on one side, definition and one killer example on the other.
- 闪卡配对 – 一面是术语，另一面是定义和一个绝佳例句。
- Term-of-the-day essay – write a short paragraph forcing yourself to use three target terms.
- 每日术语短文 – 写一小段话，强行使用三个目标术语。
- Tabl eau method – create a table grouping terms by effect: fear, persuasion, imagery, sound.
- 表格法 – 按效果创建术语分组表：恐惧、说服、意象、声音。
- Audio cheat sheet – record yourself explaining each term with an example and listen on repeat.
- 音频小抄 – 录制自己解释每个术语并举例，反复聆听。
- Peer quiz – ask a friend to give you a quote and you identify five applicable terms.
- 同伴测试 – 让朋友给你一句引语，你找出五个可用的术语。
Memory hook: The brain remembers what it uses. Turn terminology into a game, not a grind.
记忆钩子：大脑记住使用过的东西。把术语变成游戏，而不是苦差事。
12. Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them | 常见陷阱及避免方法
Even strong students lose marks with sloppy term use. Avoid these four classic mistakes and your analysis will instantly feel more polished. Precision is more important than quantity; one well-deployed term beats a list of five misapplied ones.
即使是强大的学生也会因术语使用不当而丢分。避免这四个经典错误，你的分析会立刻显得更精炼。精确比数量更重要；一个恰当使用的术语比五个误用的罗列更有价值。
- Feature spotting – naming a device without explaining its effect. Always write: 'X uses Y to suggest/convey/highlight Z.'
- 术语罗列 – 只说出手段名称而不解释其效果。总写成：“X 使用 Y 以暗示/传达/强调 Z。”
- Confusing simile and metaphor – if you see 'like' or 'as', it is a simile; otherwise it is a metaphor. Keep that line rock-solid.
- 混淆明喻和暗喻 – 看到“像”“如同”就是明喻；否则是暗喻。坚守这条线。
- Using 'the writer does this to make it interesting' – replace 'interesting' with a precise emotion or idea: unsettling, ironic, tender, urgent.
- 写成“作者这样做是为了让它有趣” – 将“有趣”换成精确的情感或想法：令人不安的、讽刺的、温柔的、紧迫的。
- Ignoring the context of the whole text – always connect the device to the bigger picture, such as a theme or character arc.
- 忽视整个文本语境 – 总是将手段与更大的图景联系起来，如主题或人物弧线。
Memory hook: Don't label and run. Stay with the term and stretch it into meaning.
记忆钩子：不要贴标签就跑。盯住这个术语，把它延展到意义中去。
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