📚 GCSE CCEA Physics: High-Frequency Topic Summary | GCSE CCEA 物理：高频考点总结
This revision guide brings together the most frequently examined topics in the CCEA GCSE Physics specification. Each section highlights core definitions, key equations and the ideas that markers love to see. Use it to sharpen your recall and spot any gaps before the exam.
这本复习指南汇集了 CCEA GCSE 物理考纲中最常考的主题。每一节都突出了核心定义、关键方程以及考官喜欢看到的观点。用它来强化记忆，并在考前找出任何薄弱环节。
1. Motion and Forces | 运动与力
Scalars have magnitude only (e.g. speed, distance, mass). Vectors have both magnitude and direction (e.g. velocity, displacement, force). Distance is the total length of a journey; displacement is the straight-line distance in a given direction.
标量只有大小（如速率、路程、质量）。矢量既有大小又有方向（如速度、位移、力）。路程是运动的总长度；位移是给定方向上的直线距离。
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity: a = (v − u)/t. Newton's second law: resultant force = mass × acceleration (F = m a). Newton' lls us that a body stays at rest or moves with constant velocity when forces are balanced.
加速度是速度的变化率：a = (v − u)/t。牛顿第二定律：合力 = 质量 × 加速度（F = m a）。牛顿第一定律告诉我们，平衡力作用下物体会保持静止或匀速直线运动。
v = u + at | s = ut + ½at² | v² = u² + 2as
These SUVAT equations link initial velocity u, final velocity v, acceleration a, time t and displacement s — but only when acceleration is constant. In a velocity–time graph, the slope gives acceleration and the area under the line gives displacement.
这些 SUVAT 方程将初速度 u、末速度 v、加速度 a、时间 t 和位移 s 联系起来——但仅在加速度恒定时适用。在速度–时间图中，斜率代表加速度，线下面积代表位移。
ce + braking distance. Thinking distance increases with speed and if the driver is tired or distracted. Braking distance increases with speed, road surface roughness, and tyre condition.
停车距离 = 反应距离 + 制动距离。反应距离随速度和驾驶员疲劳或分心而增加。制动距离随速度、路面粗糙度和轮胎状况而增加。
2. Energy Resources and Transfer | 能源与能量转移
Energy is never created or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another. Stores include kinetic (movement), gravitational potential (height), elastic (deformation), thermal (temperature) and chemical (fuel). Transfer happens mechanically, electrically, by heating or by radiation.
能量既不会凭空产生也不会消失，只会从一个储存转移到另一个储存。储存形式有动能（运动）、重力势能（高度）、弹性势能（形变）、热能（温度）和化学能（燃料）。转移方式包括机械做功、电流、加热或辐射。
work: P = E / t (watt, W). Efficiency = (useful output energy ÷ total input energy) × 100%. In a Sankey diagram, the arrow widths show the size of energy flows.
动能 = ½ m v²；重力势能 = m g h。功率是做功的速率：P = E / t（瓦特，W）。效率 =（有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量）× 100%。在桑基图中，箭头宽度表示能量流的大小。
Renewable sources (solar, wind,
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