📚 Year 12 WJEC Science: Vocabulary Mnemonics Guide | 12年级WJEC科学词汇速记指南
Mastering the specialist vocabulary of WJEC Applied Science is the first step to exam success. This guide groups key terms from Biology, Chemistry, Physics and experimental design, and pairs each concept with a simple mnemonic or memory hook. Use these to embed the definitions quickly so you can recall them under pressure.
掌握WJEC应用科学课程的专业词汇是考试成功的第一步。本指南将生物、化学、物理和实验设计中的核心术语分类整理，并为每个概念搭配了简单的记忆法或联想窍门。利用这些方法快速内化定义，以便在考试中轻松提取。
1. Scientific Investigations & Variables | 科学探究与变量
The independent variable is the factor you deliberately change. Mnemonic: "I Change" – the Independent variable is the one you alter.
自变量是你有意改变的因子。记忆法："我改变" – Independent中的I让你联想到“我改变”。
The dependent variable is what you measure; its value depends on the changes you make. Mnemonic: "D Outcome" – the Dependent variable gives you the outcome.
因变量是你测量的结果，它的数值依赖于自变量的变化。记忆法："结果取决于" – Dependent中的D让你想到“结果数据”。
Control variables are the quantities kept constant to make a fair test. Mnemonic: "C Keep Same" – Control variables must stay unchanged.
控制变量是保持不变的量，以确保实验的公平性。记忆法："保持不变" – Control中的C提示你“保持恒定”。
2. Accuracy vs. Precision | 准确度与精密度
Accuracy describes how close a measured value is to the true value. Think of a dart hitting the bullseye. Mnemonic: "Accurate hits the core".
准确度描述的是测量值与真实值的接近程度。想象飞镖命中靶心。记忆法："准确命中核心"。
Precision refers to how closely repeated measurements cluster together, even if they miss the true value. Mnemonic: "Precision is a tight group".
精密度是指重复测量值的聚集程度，即使它们偏离了真实值。记忆法："精密就是一组集中"。
3. Random & Systematic Errors | 随机误差与系统误差
Random errors cause readings to scatter unpredictably around the true value; they reduce precision. Mnemonic: "Random throws you off in random directions".
随机误差导致读数在真实值附近随机波动，降低精密度。记忆法："随机让你四处乱晃"。
Systematic errors shift all readings in one direction by the same amount, reducing accuracy. A classic example is a zero error on a balance. Mnemonic: "Systematic shifts the whole set".
系统误差使所有读数向同一方向偏移相同的量，降低准确度。典型例子是天平的零点误差。记忆法："系统偏移整个集合"。
| Error type | Effect | Memory aid |
|---|---|---|
| Random | Scatter, affects precision | "R for scatter, like rain drops" |
| Systematic | Bias, affects accuracy | "S for slanted scale" |
上表总结了随机误差与系统误差各自的特点与助记联想。
4. SI Units & Prefixes | 国际单位与词头
Laboratory measurements in WJEC Science rely on SI units and standard prefixes. The most common ones are kilo (10³), centi (10⁻²), milli (10⁻³), micro (10⁻⁶), nano (10⁻⁹) and pico (10⁻¹²).
WJEC科学中的实验测量基于国际单位制和标准词头。最常用的是千（10³）、厘（10⁻²）、毫（10⁻³）、微（10⁻⁶）、纳（10⁻⁹）和皮（10⁻¹²）。
| Prefix | Symbol | Power of 10 | Memory hook |
|---|---|---|---|
| kilo | k | 10³ | kilogram = 1000 grams |
| centi | c | 10⁻² | 100 cents in a euro, centi = 1/100 |
| milli | m | 10⁻³ | millipede has many legs (about a thousand) |
| micro | μ | 10⁻⁶ | microscope sees tiny things |
| nano | n | 10⁻⁹ | nanoparticle = one billionth of a metre |
| pico | p | 10⁻¹² | 'pico' sounds like 'peek-o', extremely small peek |
利用日常物品联想是记忆词头的好方法：千克让你记住kilo是10³，显微镜让你想到micro是10⁻⁶。
5. Biological Molecules | 生物分子
Carbohydrates are made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, often in a 1:2:1 ratio. Remember the letters CHO. Glucose is a key monosaccharide.
碳水化合物由碳、氢、氧组成，比例常为1:2:1。记住CHO这个组合。葡萄糖是一种关键的单糖。
Lipids also contain C, H and O but with far less oxygen than carbohydrates. They are hydrophobic (water-hating) and make up fats and oils.
脂类同样含有C、H、O，但含氧量远低于碳水化合物。脂类是疏水的，构成脂肪和油脂。
Proteins contain C, H, O and N (nitrogen). Think of CHON. The building blocks are amino acids.
蛋白质含C、H、O以及氮。联想CHON。其基本单位是氨基酸。
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) add P (phosphorus) to CHON. Mnemonic: "CHONP for the genetic code".
核酸（DNA和RNA）在CHON基础上增加了磷。记忆法："CHONP承载遗传密码"。
6. Chemical Bonding Types | 化学键类型
Ionic bonding involves a transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal, producing oppositely charged ions like Na⁺ and Cl⁻. Mnemonic: "Ionic: I give you an electron".
离子键发生于金属向非金属转移电子的过程中，生成带相反电荷的离子，如Na⁺和Cl⁻。记忆法："离子键：我把电子给你"。
Covalent bonding occurs when non-metal atoms share electron pairs, as in H₂O. Mnemonic: "Covalent: we share to complete".
共价键在非金属原子共享电子对时形成，如水H₂O。记忆法："共价键：我们共享以填满"。
Metallic bonding features a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons. Mnemonic: "Metal: sea of electrons flowing".
金属键由正离子晶格和离域的电子海构成。记忆法："金属键：流动的电子海"。
7. Cell Organelles & Functions | 细胞器及功能
The nucleus holds the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls activities. Think of it as the "control centre".
细胞核储存遗传物质DNA并控制细胞活动，可视为"控制中心"。
Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, releasing ATP. Mnemonic: "Mighty mitochondria, power factory".
线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，释放ATP。记忆法："强大的能量工厂"。
Ribosomes synthesise proteins by linking amino acids. Mnemonic: "Ribosomes – the protein builders".
核糖体通过连接氨基酸合成蛋白质。记忆法："核糖体是蛋白质组装机"。
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier. Mnemonic: "Cell membrane: the security gate".
细胞膜是选择透过性屏障。记忆法："细胞膜：安检门"。
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance where many chemical reactions occur
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