📚 Year 12 WJEC Biology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | WJEC 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering Year 12 WJEC Biology starts with locking down the precise terminology. From mitochondria to monohybrid crosses, every term tells a story. This guide breaks down the most commonly examined vocabulary into root-word clues, memory hooks, and contrast pairs, helping you move from passive recognition to active recall under exam pressure.
攻克 WJEC 生物第一年的第一步，是精准掌握所有专业术语。从线粒体到单基因杂交，每个词背后都藏着一个故事。这篇速记指南把最高频的考试词汇拆解成词根线索、记忆挂钩和对比词组，帮你在考试压力下，从被动认出升级为主动回忆。
1. Unlocking Word Roots: The Fastest Way to Decode Biological Terms | 词根解码，读懂术语的最快路径
Many biology words are built from Greek or Latin parts. Once you know that 'cyto-' means cell, 'endo-' means inside, and 'lysis' means splitting, you can guess the meaning of endocytosis and cytolysis even if you’ve never seen them before. WJEC papers reward precise definitions, so split each term into its building blocks before memorising.
很多生物词汇由希腊或拉丁语根构成。一旦你记住 'cyto-' 指细胞、'endo-' 指内部、'lysis' 指分解，即使第一次见到 endocytosis 和 cytolysis 也能猜出意思。WJEC 试卷非常看重定义准确度，因此在记忆前先把每个术语拆成组件。
| Common Root | Meaning (EN) | 含义 (中文) | Example Term |
|---|---|---|---|
| hyper- | above / excessive | 超 / 过多 | hypertonic (高渗的) |
| hypo- | below / deficient | 低 / 不足 | hypotonic (低渗的) |
| phago- | to eat | 吃 | phagocytosis (吞噬作用) |
| soma- / -some | body | 体 | ribosome (核糖体) |
| photo- | light | 光 | photolysis (光解) |
Try to populate your own root dictionary as you progress. Every time you meet a new term like hydrolase or autotroph, underline the root and link it to something familiar. This method transforms vocabulary from a memorisation chore into pattern recognition.
学习过程中不妨建立自己的词根词表。每次遇到像 hydrolase 或 autotroph 这样的新词，把词根划出来，和已知的词联系起来。这个方法会让词汇学习从死记硬背变成模式识别。
2. Cell Structure Terms: Organelles You Must Name with Precision | 细胞结构术语，必须精准命名的细胞器
WJEC Unit 1 demands that you label organelles and describe their functions without vagueness. Instead of saying 'the organelle that makes energy', say 'the mitochondrion is the site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP via oxidative phosphorylation'. Practise linking structure to function for every organelle.
WJEC 第一单元要求你既能标出细胞器，又能不模糊地描述功能。不要说“那个制造能量的细胞器”，而要说“线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，通过氧化磷酸化产生 ATP”。每个细胞器都要练习把结构和功能对应起来。
- Nucleus (细胞核): Stores genetic information; site of transcription. Memory hook: the 'control centre' holds the blueprints.
- Ribosome (核糖体): Site of translation; made of rRNA and protein. Think 'workbench' where proteins are assembled.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER, 粗面内质网): Studded with ribosomes; folds and transports proteins. 'Rough = Ribosome-studded Road for proteins.'
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER, 滑面内质网): Synthesises lipids and detoxifies. 'Smooth = Lipid-making Slick.'
- Golgi apparatus (高尔基体): Modifies, packages and ships proteins. Remember the 'post office' image.
For prokaryotic cells, note the absence of membrane-bound organelles. Terms like nucleotide and plasmid are exam favourites. Draw a comparison table to visually lock in the differences with eukaryotic cells.
对原核细胞，注意没有膜包被的细胞器。nucleotide（拟核）和 plasmid（质粒）是考试高频词。画出对比表格，把真核和原核的差异用视觉固定下来。
3. Membrane and Transport Vocabulary: Know Your Tonicity | 膜与运输术语，掌握渗透压
Concentration gradients drive life. If you mix up hypertonic and hypotonic, you risk losing marks on the potato-cylinder experiment in Unit 2. A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell's cytoplasm, causing water to leave the cell. A hypotonic solution does the opposite.
浓度梯度驱动着生命活动。如果你把高渗和低渗搞混，在第二单元土豆条实验中就会丢分。高渗溶液的溶质浓度高于细胞质，导致细胞失水；低渗溶液则相反。
Key definitions to recall: Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane. WJEC uses water potential (Ψ) measured in kPa, so do not describe osmosis using concentration alone. Active transport requires carrier proteins and ATP to move substances against the concentration gradient.
必须牢记的定义：渗透是水分子通过半透膜从水势较高区域向水势较低区域的净移动。WJEC 采用的是水势（Ψ），单位 kPa，因此描述渗透时不能只用浓度。主动运输需要载体蛋白和 ATP，逆着浓度梯度转运物质。
Speed-memorise: ' s), pinocytosis = cell drinking (engulfs liquids). Endocytosis = entry, exocytosis = exit.'
速记：'Phagocytosis 细胞吞食（固体），Pinocytosis 细胞饮用（液体）。Endocytosis 入胞，Exocytosis 出胞。'
4. Biochemical Building Blocks: Monomers, Polymers and Bonds | 生物化学基本单位：单体、多聚体与化学键
WJEC Unit 1 biochemistry asks you to recognise monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides. Start by anchoring the big four polymer groups: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. For each, know the monomer, the bond, and a unique test.
WJEC 第一单元生物化学要求你识别单糖、二糖、多糖、氨基酸和核苷酸。先从四大类多聚物入手：碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质和核酸。对每一类，要记住单体、化学键和特有检测方法。
| Polymer | Monomer | Bond | Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Starch / Glycogen | α-glucose | Glycosidic bond | Iodine (blue-black) |
| Cellulose | β-glucose | Glycosidic bond (1,4) | Does not react with iodine |
| Protein | Amino acid | Peptide bond | Biuret (lilac) |
| Lipid (triglyceride) | Glycerol + 3 fatty acids | Ester bond | Emulsion test (milky) |
Two frequently confused sugars: maltose (α-glucose + α-glucose) versus sucrose (α-glucose + fructose). WJEC may ask you to draw a condensation reaction, so memorise the removal of a water molecule each time a bond forms.
两种极易混淆的糖：麦芽糖（α-葡萄糖 + α-葡萄糖）和蔗糖（α-葡萄糖 + 果糖）。WJEC 可能会让你画出缩合反应，所以要记住每形成一个键就脱去一分子水。
5. Enzyme Terminology: Lock, Key, and Models That Get You Marks | 酶术语：锁钥假说与赢分模型
The active site is the region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. WJEC expects you to compare the lock-and-key model and the induced-fit model. The lock-and-key model states the active site has a fixed shape complementary to the substrate. The induced-fit model says the active site moulds around the substrate, straining bonds to lower activation energy.
活性位点是酶上底物结合的区域。WJEC 要求你比较锁钥模型和诱导契合模型。锁钥模型认为活性位点形状固定，与底物互补；诱导契合模型则认为活性位点包围底物稍稍变形，使化学键拉紧，从而降低活化能。
Enzyme-activity keywords: Vₘ (maximum rate when all active sites are saturated), denaturation (permanent change to tertiary structure breaking hydrogen and ionic bonds), and competitive inhibitor (binds to active site, competes with substrate). Use these precise terms in graphs and extended responses.
酶活性关键词：Vₘ（最大反应速率，所有活性位点被占据时），变性（三级结构的永久破坏，氢键与离子键断裂），竞争性抑制剂（与底物竞争活性位点）。在图表题和拓展作答中请一定使用这些精准术语。
6. Nucleic Acids and Replication: Precision Words for DNA and RNA | 核酸与复制：DNA 和 RNA 的精准词汇
DNA's structure is a double helix composed of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine). RNA contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. Semi-conservative replication produces two DNA molecules, each with one old strand and one new strand. WJEC may ask you to interpret Meselson and Stahl's experiment using N isotopes.
DNA 结构是双螺旋，由核苷酸组成。每个核苷酸包含脱氧核糖、磷酸基团和含氮碱基（腺嘌呤 A、胸腺嘧啶 T、胞嘧啶 C、鸟嘌呤 G）。RNA 含有核糖，尿嘧啶 U 取代了胸腺嘧啶。半保留复制产生两个 DNA 分子，各有一条旧链和一条新链。WJEC 可能让你解读 Meselson 和 Stahl 使用氮同位素的实验。
Memorise the enzyme names: DNA helicase unwinds the double helix, DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction, and DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. Write out the process as a flow chart with key terms underlined.
牢记酶的名称：DNA 解旋酶解开双螺旋，DNA 聚合酶沿 5′ 到 3′ 方向添加互补核苷酸，DNA 连接酶把滞后链上的冈崎片段连接起来。用流程图把过程写出来，关键词下划线。
For protein synthesis, distinguish transcription (in nucleus) from translation (at ribosomes). tRNA brings anticodons; the codon-anticodon base pairing rule earns easy marks if you use the correct table.
在蛋白质合成中，区分转录（细胞核）和翻译（核糖体）。tRNA 携带反密码子；只要正确使用密码子表，密码子-反密码子配对规则就能轻松拿分。
7. Cell Cycle and Division: Mitosis vs. Meiosis Made Memorable | 细胞周期与分裂：有丝分裂与减数分裂难分清？
The cell cycle includes interphase (G₁, S, G₂) and the mitotic phase. During S phase, DNA replication occurs. Use the mnemonic IPMAT (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) to order mitosis. In prophase, chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down; in metaphase, chromosomes align at the equator; in anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles; in telophase, nuclei reform.
细胞周期包含间期（G₁、S、G₂）和有丝分裂期。S 期进行 DNA 复制。用 IPMAT（间期、前期、中期、后期、末期）来记忆有丝分裂顺序。前期染色体凝集，核膜解体；中期染色体排列在赤道板；后期姐妹染色单体被拉向两极；末期核膜重新形成。
Meiosis has two divisions. The significant vocabulary here: bivalent (pair of homologous chromosomes), chiasma (point where crossing over occurs), independent assortment (random orientation of bivalents at metaphase I). These terms generate genetic variation. When writing about meiosis, always link the term to its consequence (e.g., crossing over swaps alleles between homologous chromosomes, creating new combinations).
减数分裂有两次分裂。关键术语：二价体（一对同源染色体），交叉（发生交换的点），独立分配（中期 I 二价体的随机排列）。这些术语产生遗传变异。在书写减数分裂时，始终把术语和后果挂钩（如交换在同源染色体间交换等位基因，形成新组合）。
WJEC likes to ask about homologous chromosomes versus sister chromatids. Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes at the same loci but may have different alleles. Sister chromatids are identical copies produced by DNA replication. Draw them with colour-coding to never confuse them again.
WJEC 喜欢考查同源染色体与姐妹染色单体的区别。同源染色体在相同基因座携带相同基因，但等位基因可能不同；姐妹染色单体是 DNA 复制产生的完全相同拷贝。用不同颜色画出来，就再也不会混淆了。
8. Genetic Crosses and Pedigree Terms: Locus, Allele, and Phenotype | 遗传杂交与系谱术语：基因座、等位基因与表型
A gene is a length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide. An allele is a variant form of a gene. A locus is the specific position of a gene on a chromosome. Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles at a locus; homozygous individuals have two identical alleles. The genotype determines the potential phenotype, but environment can modify expression.
基因是一段编码多肽的 DNA。等位基因是基因的不同形式。基因座是基因在染色体上的特定位置。杂合子在某个基因座上拥有两个不同的等位基因；纯合子拥有两个相同的等位基因。基因型决定了潜在表型，但环境也会影响表达。
WJEC Unit 2 features monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Always define dominant (allele expressed in the heterozygous state) and recessive (only expressed when homozygous). For dihybrid crosses, the 9:3:3:1 ratio in the F₂ generation assumes independent assortment. The chi-squared test is used to check if observed ratios differ significantly from expected.
WJEC 第二单元会考查单基因和双基因杂交。始终定义显性（在杂合状态下表达的等位基因）和隐性（仅在纯合时表达）。对于双基因杂交，F₂ 代 9:3:3:1 的分离比基于独立分配假设。使用卡方检验判断观察值与期望值是否显著偏离。
In pedigree analysis, recognise the symbols: square (male), circle (female), shaded (affected). Look for autosomal recessive patterns where affected offspring appear from unaffected parents. Practise determining genotypes from pedigrees while annotating your reasoning.
系谱分析中，识别符号：方形（男）、圆形（女）、阴影（患病）。常染色体隐性遗传的模式是正常父母生出患病后代。多练习从系谱中推断基因型，并注明理由。
9. Evolution and Classification: Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Trees | 进化与分类：物种概念与系统发生树
WJEC defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated. Allopatric speciation involves geographical barriers; sympatric speciation arises without physical separation, often through behavioural or temporal changes. Use these terms to answer isolation and selection questions from Unit 2.
WJEC 将物种定义为能相互交配产生可育后代的一组生物体。当种群之间出现生殖隔离，就会发生物种形成。异域物种形成涉及地理屏障；同域物种形成则无物理隔离，常由行为或时间变化引发。用这些术语回答第二单元的隔离与选择问题。
Classification terms to memorise: taxon (a group within classification), phylogeny (evolutionary relationships), molecular phylogenetics (using DNA/base sequences to infer relatedness). The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Know the hierarchy: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Come Over For Good Soup).
分类学术语速记：分类单元（分类学中的一个组别），系统发生（进化关系），分子系统发生学（利用 DNA/碱基序列推断亲缘关系）。三域为细菌域、古菌域、真核生物域。记住阶元：域、界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。
10. Transport in Plants: Xylem, Phloem, and the Transpiration Stream | 植物运输：木质部、韧皮部与蒸腾流
The transpiration stream describes the movement of water from roots through xylem to leaves, driven by evaporation from stomata. WJEC wants you to link cohesion (hydrogen bonds between water molecules) and adhesion (water sticking to xylem walls) to the continuous column of water. The cohesion-tension theory explains how negative pressure pulls water up.
蒸腾流描述水分从根通过木质部到叶的流动，由气孔蒸腾驱动。WJEC 想要你联系内聚力（水分子间氢键）和附着力（水附着在木质部管壁）解释连续水柱。内聚力-张力学说解释了负压如何提拉水分上升。
Phloem translocates assimilates like sucrose from sources (e.g., leaves) to sinks (e.g., roots, fruits). The mass flow hypothesis involves active loading of sucrose into sieve tubes, lowering water potential, causing water influx, and generating hydrostatic pressure that drives sap flow. Always pair the term sieve tube element with companion cell — companion cells provide ATP for active transport.
韧皮部将蔗糖等同化产物从源（如叶片）运输到库（如根、果实）。集流假说涉及蔗糖被主动装载到筛管，降低水势，引起水分内流，产生静水压，推动汁液流动。始终把筛管分子和伴胞并提——伴胞为主动运输提供 ATP。
11. Nervous and Hormonal Communication: Synapses and Second Messengers | 神经与激素通讯：突触与第二信使
In the nervous system, an action potential is a rapid change in membrane potential driven by the opening of voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels. Key vocabulary: resting potential (around –70 mV), depolarisation, repolarisation, refractory period. Between neurones, the synaptic cleft separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine are released from vesicles and bind to receptor sites.
在神经系统中，动作电位是膜电位的快速变化，由电压门控 Na⁺ 和 K⁺ 通道开放驱动。核心词汇：静息电位（约 –70 mV），去极化，复极化，不应期。神经元之间，突触间隙分隔突触前膜和突触后膜。神经递质如乙酰胆碱从囊泡中释放，与受体结合。
Hormonal communication is slower but longer-lasting. First messenger (hormone) binds to a cell-surface receptor, activating a second messenger s: hormone → receptor → G-protein → adenyl cyclase → ATP → cAMP → protein kinase → enzyme activation.
激素通讯较慢但更持久。第一信使（激素）与细胞表面受体结合，激活胞内第二信使如环腺苷酸（cAMP），进行级联放大。WJEC 常用肾上腺素和胰高血糖素举例。请记住步骤：激素 → 受体 → G蛋白 → 腺苷酸环化酶 → ATP → cAMP → 蛋白激酶 → 酶活化。
12. Ecology and Fieldwork: Quadrats, Biodiversity and Statistical Terms | 生态与野外调查：样方、生物多样性与统计术语
Fieldwork vocabulary can trip you up if you don't practise definitions precisely. Abundance is the number of individuals of a species in a given area. Distribution is where a species is found. Random sampling using random coordinates avoids bias. Systematic sampling along a transect reveals zonation. Percentage cover is used for plants where individual counts are impractical, often measured with a point quadrat.
如果不精确练习定义，野外调查词汇会让你失分。丰度指某一区域中某物种的个体数量。分布指物种出现的位置。随机取样使用随机坐标以避免偏差。系统取样沿样带进行，可以揭示带状分布。密度百分比用于难以计数的植物，常用点样方测定。
Biodiversity involves species richness and species evenness. Simpson' versity (D) is a measure WJEC may ask you to calculate and interpret. The formula is D = 1 – closer D is to 1, the higher the diversity. Practise the calculation with fieldwork data.
生物多样性涉及物种丰富度和均匀度。辛普森多样性指数（D）是 WJEC 可能让你计算并解读的指标。公式为 D = 1 – Σ(n/N)²，其中 n 是某一物种的总个体数，N 是所有物种总个体数。D 越接近 1，多样性越高。用实地调查数据反复练习该计算。
Other key statistical terms: mean, standard deviation (shows spread around the mean), and Student's t-test (used to compare two means). Link each test to the type of data you use and the conclusion you can draw.
其他关键统计术语：平均数，标准差（反映数据在平均值周围的离散程度），学生 t 检验（用于比较两组均值）。把每种检验所对应的数据类型和可得出结论联系起来。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图