📚 Year 12 CIE Physical Education: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Reference Guide | 剑桥国际A Level 体育 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering precise terminology is the fastest way to raise your marks in CIE Physical Education. Examiners reward candidates who use subject-specific vocabulary accurately, because a correct term such as 'antagonist' or 'EPOC' signals secure understanding. This guide breaks the syllabus into manageable topic areas, giving clear English definitions alongside Chinese translations so that bilingual learners can revise efficiently. Use the paired paragraphs as flashcards, and treat the memory hooks as quick recall triggers before your written papers and practical coursework.
掌握精准术语是提高 CIE 体育成绩最快的途径。考官会奖励那些准确使用学科专业词汇的考生，因为像 antagonist（拮抗肌）或 EPOC（运动后过量氧耗）这样的正确术语，说明你的理解是扎实的。本指南把考纲拆分为可管理的主题板块，在中英对照中给出清晰定义，帮助双语学习者高效复习。请把成对的段落当闪卡使用，把记忆钩子当作考前书面考试与实践作业的快速提取线索。
1. Skeletal System and Joint Actions | 骨骼系统与关节动作
The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body - the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs - and its main roles are protection, support and blood cell production. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula), the pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis) and the attached limbs, and its main role is movement.
轴骨骼构成身体的中轴——颅骨、脊柱、胸骨和肋骨——主要作用是保护、支撑与造血。附肢骨骼由胸带（锁骨、肩胛骨）、骨盆带（髂骨、坐骨、耻骨）以及附着的四肢组成，主要作用是运动。
Joints are classified structurally into three types:
关节在结构上分为三类：
- Fibrous (fixed / synarthrosis) - bones united by dense connective tissue, no movement, e.g. the sutures of the skull. | 纤维关节（不动关节）——由致密结缔组织连接，不能活动，如颅缝。
- Cartilaginous (slightly movable / amphiarthrosis) - bones united by cartilage, limited movement, e.g. intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis. | 软骨关节（微动关节）——由软骨连接，活动幅度小，如椎间盘与耻骨联合。
- Synovial (freely movable / diarthrosis) - a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, e.g. the knee, hip, shoulder and elbow. | 滑膜关节（自由活动关节）——具有含滑液的关节腔，如膝、髋、肩、肘。
Key synovial joint structures you must name: articular (hyaline) cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, joint capsule, bursae, menisci (in the knee), ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone).
必须能说出的滑膜关节关键结构：关节（透明）软骨、滑膜、滑液、关节囊、滑液囊、半月板（膝关节）、韧带（骨与骨相连）与肌腱（肌与骨相连）。
Joint actions to know: flexion, extension, abduction (away from the midline), adduction (towards the midline), circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion, elevation and depression.
必须掌握的关节动作：屈、伸、外展（远离身体中线）、内收（靠近身体中线）、环转、旋转、旋后、旋前、背屈、跖屈、内翻、外翻、上提与下压。
Memory hook: Axial = axis (protect and support). Appendicular = appendages (move).
记忆钩子：Axial 对应 axis（中轴），负责保护与支撑；Appendicular 对应 appendages（附肢），负责运动。
2. Muscular System and Muscle Contraction | 肌肉系统与肌肉收缩
Muscles work in antagonistic pairs. The agonist (prime mover) contracts to create movement, the antagonist relaxes and lengthens to allow it, the synergist assists the agonist, and the fixator stabilises the origin of the agonist. In elbow flexion, the biceps brachii is the agonist and the triceps brachii is the antagonist.
肌肉以拮抗对形式工作。主动肌（原动肌）收缩产生动作，拮抗肌放松并拉长以配合，协同肌协助主动肌，固定肌稳定主动肌的起点。屈肘时，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。
Three muscle types: skeletal (voluntary, striated, attached to bone), smooth (involuntary, found in internal organs and blood vessel walls) and cardiac (involuntary, striated, intercalated discs). Fibre types: Type I (slow oxidative) - aerobic, fatigue resistant; Type IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic) - fast with moderate fatigue resistance; Type IIx (fast glycolytic) - fastest, fatigues rapidly.
三种肌肉类型：骨骼肌（随意肌、横纹、附着于骨）、平滑肌（不随意，见于内脏与血管壁）、心肌（不随意、有横纹、具闰盘）。肌纤维类型：I 型（慢缩氧化型）——有氧、抗疲劳；IIa 型（快缩氧化酵解型）——收缩快且抗疲劳性中等；IIx 型（快缩酵解型）——收缩最快、易疲劳。
Sliding filament theory: a nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is released, and the action potential travels along the sarcolemma and T-tubules, triggering the release of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca²⁺ binds to troponin, tropomyosin shifts, and myosin cross-bridges attach to binding sites on actin. The power stroke pulls the actin filaments towards the centre of the sarcomere; ATP then detaches the cross-bridge and the cycle repeats. Because many sarcomeres shorten together, the whole muscle shortens.
肌丝滑行理论：神经冲动到达神经肌肉接头，释放乙酰胆碱，动作电位沿肌膜与横小管传导，使肌浆网释放钙离子（Ca²⁺）。Ca²⁺与肌钙蛋白结合，原肌球蛋白移位，肌球蛋白横桥与肌动蛋白上的结合位点连接。动力冲程把肌动蛋白细肌丝拉向肌节中央；随后 ATP 使横桥解离，循环重复。大量肌节同时缩短，整块肌肉便缩短。
Memory hook: "Action potential, Ca²⁺, troponin shifts, myosin grabs, ATP releases."记忆钩子：电位到、钙释放、肌钙蛋白移、肌球蛋白抓、ATP 松。
3. Components of Fitness and Fitness Testing | 体能组成与体能测试
Fitness components divide into health-related (cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, body composition) and skill-related (speed, agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time).
体能组成分为健康相关（心肺耐力、肌肉耐力、肌肉力量、柔韧性、身体成分）与技能相关（速度、敏捷、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时）。
| Component | 组成 | Definition | 定义 | Common test | 常用测试 |
| Cardiovascular endurance | 心肺耐力 | Ability to exercise the whole body for long periods | 长时间全身运动的能力 | Multi-stage fitness test; Cooper 12-minute run | 多级体能测试；库珀12分钟跑 |
| Muscular endurance | 肌肉耐力 | Ability of a muscle group to repeatedly contract | 肌群重复收缩的能力 | Sit-up bleep test; press-up test | 仰卧起坐递增测试；俯卧撑测试 |
| Strength | 力量 | Maximum force a muscle can exert | 肌肉可施加的最大力量 | Grip dynamometer; 1RM lift | 握力计；1RM 最大重复负荷 |
| Flexibility | 柔韧性 | Range of movement at a joint | 关节活动幅度 | Sit-and-reach test | 坐位体前屈 |
| Power | 爆发力 | Strength × speed (explosive strength) | 力量 × 速度（爆发性力量） | Vertical (Sargent) jump; standing long jump | 纵跳（萨金特跳）；立定跳远 |
| Agility | 敏捷 | Rapid whole-body change of direction | 全身快速变向能力 | Illinois agility run; T-test | 伊利诺伊敏捷跑；T 型测试 |
| Balance | 平衡 | Maintaining the centre of mass over the base of support | 把重心维持在支撑面之上 | Stork stand test | 鹤立测试 |
| Reaction time | 反应时 | Time between stimulus and response | 刺激到反应的时间 | Ruler drop test | 直尺下落测试 |
When writing about tests, always comment on validity (does it measure what it claims?), reliability (is it repeatable?) and practicality (cost, time, equipment, training).
写测试时必须评价效度（是否测到它声称测的东西？）、信度（能否重复得到一致结果？）与实用性（成本、时间、器材、人员培训）。
4. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems | 心血管与呼吸系统
The heart has four chambers: left and right atria (receiving) and left and right ventricles (ejecting). The conduction system runs from the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) to the atrioventricular (AV) node, then the bundle of His and Purkinje fibres. Systole is contraction and diastole is relaxation.
心脏有四个腔：左右心房（接收血液）与左右心室（泵出血液）。传导系统由窦房结（起搏点）到房室结，再到房室束与浦肯野纤维。收缩期是心肌收缩，舒张期是心肌舒张。
Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per beat; heart rate (HR) is beats per minute; and cardiac output (Q) is the volume pumped per minute. Starling's law states that increased venous return stretches the ventricle walls and increases the force of contraction, raising stroke volume. Vasodilation widens arterioles to increase blood flow to working muscles, while vasoconstriction narrows them; together these form the vascular shunt.
每搏输出量（SV）是左心室每次搏动射出的血量；心率（HR）是每分钟搏动次数；心输出量（Q）是每分钟泵出的血量。斯塔林定律指出，静脉回流量增加会牵张心室壁并增强收缩力，从而提高每搏输出量。血管舒张使小动脉扩张、增加工作肌的血流，血管收缩则使其收缩；二者共同构成血管分流。
Q = SV × HR
Respiratory key terms: tidal volume (air in or out per breath), vital capacity (maximum volume exhaled after maximum inhalation), residual volume (air remaining after full exhalation) and minute ventilation. Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli by diffusion down a concentration gradient; chemoreceptors detect rising CO₂ and drive ventilation up. VO₂ max is the maximum rate of oxygen uptake, the best single indicator of aerobic power.
呼吸系统关键术语：潮气量（每次呼吸进出气量）、肺活量（最大吸气后所能呼出的最大气量）、余气量（全力呼气后残留的气量）与每分钟通气量。气体交换在肺泡处通过扩散沿浓度梯度进行；化学感受器感知 CO₂ 升高并驱动通气增加。最大摄氧量（VO₂ max）是最大摄氧速率，是衡量有氧能力最好的单一指标。
Minute ventilation = tidal volume × breathing frequency
每分钟通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率
5. Energy Systems and ATP Resynthesis | 能量系统与 ATP 再合成
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the only usable energy currency of the muscle cell. Its breakdown releases energy and leaves ADP and inorganic phosphate; resynthesis requires energy from food fuels.
ATP（三磷酸腺苷）是肌细胞唯一可直接使用的能量货币。其分解会释放能量并生成 ADP 与无机磷酸；再合成则需要来自食物燃料的能量。
ATP ⇌ ADP + Pi + Energy
The three energy systems are: the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine / alactic anaerobic) system, lasting about 0-10 seconds at maximal intensity; the glycolytic (lactic acid anaerobic) system, lasting roughly 10 seconds to 3 minutes; and the aerobic (oxidative) system, dominant beyond about 3 minutes. The aerobic system uses glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, and can oxidise carbohydrate, fat
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图