📚 Year 13 OCR Psychology: A Mnemonic Guide to Key Terminology | Year 13 OCR 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your ultimate mnemonic toolkit for mastering the vast terminology of the OCR A-level Psychology syllabus. In Year 13, you face a mountain of concepts, from research methods and inferential statistics to core studies, issues and debates. Rote learning rarely sticks. This guide transforms tricky terms into vivid images, quirky acronyms and simple stories. Use each memory hook actively: draw the scene, say it aloud or link it to a personal anecdote, and you will recall the term instantly in the exam.
欢迎使用 OCR A-level 心理学大纲词汇的终极助记工具箱。在 Year 13，你要面对从研究方法、推断统计到核心研究、议题与辩论的庞大概念体系。死记硬背很难扎根。本指南将棘手术语转化为生动的图像、古怪的首字母缩写和简单的故事。请积极使用每个记忆钩子：画出场景、大声说出来或与个人趣事联系起来，考试时你就能瞬间提取术语。
1. Validity & Reliability | 效度与信度
These terms define the quality of psychological research. Picture each one as a different lens on a camera, adjusting focus for truth and consistency.
这些术语定义了心理学研究的质量。可以把每个术语想象成相机上不同的镜头，用来调节真实性与一致性。
Internal Validity: Think 'inside truth'. The study is internally valid if it measures what it intended to measure, without flaws in procedure. Visualise a bubble entirely sealed from confounding variables.
内部效度：想到“内部真实”。如果研究在步骤上没有缺陷，并测量了预定的内容，就具有内部效度。想象一个完全隔绝混淆变量的密封气泡。
External Validity: Relate to 'exit'. Can the findings leave the lab and apply to other settings, people and times? Picture arrows flying out of the laboratory window into the real world.
外部效度：联想到“出口”。研究结果能否走出实验室，推广到其他环境、人群和时代？想象箭头从实验室窗口飞出，进入现实世界。
Ecological Validity: 'Eco' sounds like 'echo'. Research has high ecological validity when the echo of the task reflects everyday life. See a person doing a memory test while shopping, not in a sterile lab.
生态效度：“生态”让你想起“回声”。当任务的回声反映出日常生活时，研究就具有高生态效度。想象一个人一边购物一边做记忆测试，而不是在无趣的实验室里。
Population Validity: Imagine a huge parade of people representing the target population. The sample must mirror this crowd. If the parade is all teenagers, findings cannot generalise to the elderly.
人口效度：想象一支代表目标人群的大型游行队伍。样本必须反映这支队伍。如果队伍里全是青少年，研究结果就无法推广到老年人。
Internal Reliability: Think 'inside consistency'. If you take the same test twice, you get the same score. Picture two identical rulers measuring the same table inside your mind.
内部信度：想到“内在一致性”。如果同一个测试做了两次，得到相同的分数，就是内部信度。想象脑海中两把相同的尺子测量同一张桌子。
External Reliability: Focus on 'exit across time'. Can a different researcher get the same result later? Visualise two archaeologists digging the same site years apart and finding the same artefacts.
外部信度：关注“跨时间输出”。不同的研究者之后能否得到相同的结果？想象两位考古学家相隔数年挖掘同一遗址，发现了相同的手工艺品。
Inter-rater Reliability: 'Rater' stands for 'raters agreeing'. Two observers watch the same behaviour and score it identically. Imagine two judges at a gymnastics event holding up the exact same score card.
评分者信度：“Rater”代表评分者达成一致。两名观察者观看同一行为并给出完全相同的评分。想象两位体操裁判同时举起完全相同的分数牌。
2. Experimental Design & Variables | 实验设计与变量
Design choices directly affect validity. Link each design to a visual scenario, and variables to a puppet-master metaphor.
设计选择直接影响效度。把每种设计与一个视觉场景联系起来，把变量比喻成木偶大师。
Independent Groups Design: 'Independent' means separate sets of participants. Each group experiences one condition only. Think of two separate classrooms, each watching a different film.
独立组设计：“独立”意味着互不相关的一组参与者。每组只经历一种实验条件。想象两间独立的教室，每间观看不同的电影。
Repeated Measures Design: The same participants are 'repeatedly' measured across all conditions. Picture a runner completing laps in the same body. Beware order effects – practise could improve speed.
重复测量设计：同一批参与者在所有条件下被“重复”测量。想象一名跑步者用同一副身体跑完一圈又一圈。注意顺序效应——练习可能提高速度。
Matched Pairs Design: Participants are paired like twins on relevant traits, then split. Visualise two identical Lego figures – one goes to condition A, the other to condition B.
匹配对设计：参与者像双胞胎一样在相关特征上配对，然后分开。想象两个一模一样的乐高小人——一个进入条件A，另一个进入条件B。
Independent Variable (IV): The variable you manipulate, the 'cause'. Think 'I control the IV'. Picture yourself turning a dial labelled 'volume of music' to see its effect on concentration.
自变量 (IV)：你操纵的变量，是“因”。想到“我控制 IV”。想象自己转动一个标有“音乐音量”的旋钮，观察它对专注力的影响。
Dependent Variable (DV): The outcome you measure, the 'effect'. 'DV depends on IV'. Visualise a digital scale showing the result flickering as you turn the IV dial.
因变量 (DV)：你测量的结果，是“果”。“DV 取决于 IV”。想象当你转动 IV 旋钮时，一台电子秤上的结果随之闪烁。
Extraneous Variable: Any extra variable that might disturb the IV-DV link but is not directly confounded. Picture a buzzing fly annoying participants – you can shoo it away.
额外变量：任何可能干扰 IV-DV 关系但尚未成为混淆的附加变量。想象一只嗡嗡飞的苍蝇骚扰参与者——你可以把它赶走。
Confounding Variable: An extraneous variable that has slipped in and is now 'twisted together' with the IV, making it impossible to tell which caused the effect. Imagine the dial and a hidden lever moving together secretly.
混淆变量：已经悄悄混入、与 IV “纠缠”在一起的额外变量，导致无法区分是谁造成了效应。想象旋钮和一个隐藏的杠杆暗中一同移动。
3. Sampling Methods | 抽样方法
Sampling determines who participates. Use a lottery, a filing cabinet and a ‘please help’ poster for quick recall.
抽样决定了谁来参加研究。分别用抽奖箱、文件柜和“求助”海报来帮助记忆。
Random Sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance. Visualise a lottery machine blowing numbered balls, everyone's name inside.
随机抽样：目标总体中每个成员都有均等机会。想象一台彩票机吹出带编号的球，里面装着所有人的名字。
Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into layers (strata), and participants are randomly selected from each in proportion. Picture a cake made of different layers – you take a slice from each layer.
分层抽样：总体被分成若干层，按比例从每层随机抽取参与者。想象一个由不同层组成的蛋糕——你从每层切下一片。
Opportunity Sampling: You select whoever is available and willing, a sample of 'opportunity'. Picture a researcher standing in a campus café saying, 'Can you spare five minutes?'
机会抽样：你选择任何方便且愿意的人，即“随手可得”的样本。想象一名研究者站在校园咖啡厅问：“能抽出五分钟吗？”
Volunteer Sampling: Participants actively come to you, often via an advert. Imagine a poster reading 'Volunteers Wanted' with hands shooting up.
志愿者抽样：参与者主动找上门，通常通过招募广告。想象一张写着“招募志愿者”的海报，几十只手举起来。
Systematic Sampling: You pick every Nth person from a list. Picture a school register – select every 10th name with a steady drumbeat.
系统抽样：从一个列表中每隔N个人选取。想象一份班级名单——伴随着稳定的鼓点，每数到第10个名字就选中。
4. Ethical Guidelines | 伦理准则
Remember the six core principles as a ‘safe-guarding circle’. Use the acronym 'DICE PR' or the vivid story of a terrified participant who must be protected.
牢记六大核心原则，视作“保护圈”。用首字母缩写“DICE PR”或者一个受惊的参与者必须被保护的小故事。
Informed Consent: Participants must know enough to agree. Think 'informed signature'. Picture a clear document outlined with a glowing pen, no hidden traps.
知情同意：参与者必须充分知情后才能同意。想到“知情后签字”。想象一份用发光笔勾画清晰的知情书，没有任何陷阱。
Deception: Should be avoided, and if used, must be minimised. Think 'mask removal' – participants should see the real face of the study at debrief.
欺骗：应尽量避免，如果使用必须最小化。想到“摘下面具”——在事后解释时，参与者应该看到研究的真实面目。
Protection from Harm: Physical and psychological safety come first. Visualise a shield around each participant, blocking stress and pain.
免受伤害：生理和心理的安全最为重要。想象每个参与者周围有一个护盾，挡住压力和伤害。
Right to Withdraw: Participants can leave at any time without penalty. Picture an open door with a green exit sign glowing throughout the experiment.
退出权利：参与者可以随时退出而不受惩罚。想象整个实验期间一扇敞开的门上闪着绿色出口指示灯。
Debrief: The true aim is revealed afterwards and support offered. Imagine a calm room after the experiment where a researcher offers a chair and explains everything.
事后解释：实验后揭示真实目的并提供支持。想象实验室旁边一个安静的房间，研究者搬来椅子并解释一切。
Confidentiality: Data stays private. Think of a locked diary with fingerprints instead of a name.
保密性：数据保持隐私。想到一本带锁的日记本，上面只有指纹而没有名字。
5. Descriptive & Inferential Statistics | 描述与推断统计
Statistics feel abstract; turn them into characters on a stage. Descriptive stats describe the cast, inferential stats test whether the drama is real or just noise.
统计感觉抽象；把统计量变成舞台上的角色吧。描述统计刻画演员阵容，推断统计检验这出戏剧是真实的还是只是噪音。
Mean: The arithmetic average, sensitive to outliers. Imagine a seesaw balanced perfectly if all scores are placed at equal distance – an extreme score tips the seesaw. 平均值：算术平均数，对极端值敏感。想象一个跷跷板，如果所有分数等距放置就能完美平衡——一个极端分数会压得跷跷板倾斜。
Median: The middle value. Think of lining up participants by height and picking the person exactly in the centre. 中位数：中间的值。想象把参与者按身高排队，选出正中那个的人。
Mode: The most frequent score. 'Mode' rhymes with 'most'. See a pile of same-coloured sweets towering on a table. 众数：出现最多的值。“Mode”让人想到汉语“多”。想象桌上堆起高高的一堆同色糖果。
Range: Subtract the smallest from the largest. Visualise a tape measure stretched from the shortest to the tallest person to show spread. 极差：最大值减最小值。想象一把卷尺从最矮的人拉到最高的人，展示离散程度。
Standard Deviation: The average distance of scores from the mean. Picture a group of people all standing at different distances from a central flag. 标准差：分数与平均值的平均距离。想象一群人围绕一面中心旗子站在不同距离处。
Choosing an Inferential Test: Use the handy mnemonic 'Carrots Can Make Rabbits Vanish' – Carrots = difference or association? Can = what type of data (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval)? Make = related or unrelated design? Rabbits Vanish reminds you the test result follows. For a difference with ordinal data and unrelated groups, you pick Mann-Whitney. For related groups and ordinal data, pick Wilcoxon. For nominal data, pick Chi-square or Binomial Sign Test.
选择推断检验：用“胡萝卜能让兔子消失”(Carrots Can Make Rabbits Vanish) 来记忆——胡萝卜 (Carrots)：检验差异还是关联？能 (Can)：是什么类型的数据（称名、顺序、等比）？让 (Make)：是相关还是无关设计？兔子消失 (Rabbits Vanish) 提醒你检验结果随之而来。差异检验、顺序数据、无关组别，就选曼-惠特尼U检验。相关组别、顺序数据，选威尔科克森。称名数据，选卡方或二项符号检验。
Type I Error: A false positive – you reject a true null, like a smoke alarm triggered by toast. Think of 'Type I – I see a fire where there is none'. 第一类错误：误报——拒绝了正确的虚无假设，就像烤面包触发了烟雾报警器。想到“第一类——我看见火，但其实没有”。
Type II Error: A false negative – you fail to reject a false null, like missing a real fire. 'Type II – II blind to notice'. 第二类错误：漏报——未能拒绝错误的虚无假设，像忽视了一场真的火灾。“第二类——视而不见”。
6. Cognitive Psychology: Memory Models | 认知心理学：记忆模型
The mind as a computer – use vivid rooms for stores and busy managers for the working memory.
心智如电脑——用生动的房间代表存储库，用忙碌的管理员代表工作记忆。
Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin): Information flows from sensory register to short-term store and then to long-term store through rehearsal. Picture a warehouse: items land on a belt (sensory), roll into a tiny office (STM) and finally move to a huge archive (LTM) if repeated.
多存储模型 (Atkinson 与 Shiffrin)：信息通过复述从感觉记录器流向短时存储，再到长时存储。想象一个仓库：物品落到传送带（感觉登记），滚进一间小工作站（STM），如果不断重复，最终进入庞大的档案室（LTM）。
Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch): The Central Executive is the boss delegating to slave systems.
Published by TutorHao | Year 13 Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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