📚 Year 12 CIE Sociology: Key Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | CIE 社会学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key sociological terms is essential for Year 12 CIE Sociology. This guide breaks down core concepts, provides clear definitions, and offers memory aids to help you recall them quickly during revision and exams.
掌握关键社会学词汇对于 Year 12 CIE 社会学至关重要。本指南解析核心概念，提供清晰定义和记忆辅助，帮助你在复习和考试中快速回忆。
1. Social Structure and Agency | 社会结构与能动性
Social structure refers to the organised, enduring patterns of relationships and institutions that form the framework of society – think of family, education, the legal system, and class hierarchy. Agency, on the other hand, is the capacity of individuals to act independently, make choices, and impose their will. The debate between structure and agency lies at the heart of sociology: to what extent do social forces shape us, and how much freedom do we truly have?
社会结构指构成社会框架的有组织、持久的关系模式和制度，例如家庭、教育、法律体系和阶级等级。能动性则是个体独立行动、做出选择并施加意愿的能力。结构与能动性之争是社会学核心问题：社会力量在多大程度上塑造我们，我们又真正拥有多少自由？
orms). Agency is the player who can still make creative moves within those rules. Remember 'Structure = Stage, Agency = Actor'.
记忆技巧：把结构想象成一个有固定规则和位置的棋盘（制度、规范），能动性就是棋手，仍可在规则内走出创造性的棋步。记住“结构是舞台，能动性是演员”。
2. Socialisation | 社会化
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalise the norms, values, customs, and ideologies of their society. It occurs through primary socialisation (mainly in the family during early childhood) and secondary socialisation (through schools, peer groups, media, and workplaces). This process shapes our sense of self and enables us to function as members of society.
社会化是个体学习并内化社会规范、价值观、习俗和意识形态的终身过程。它通过初级社会化（主要在家庭中、童年早期）和次级社会化（通过学校、同辈群体、媒体和工作场所）发生。这一过程塑造我们的自我意识，使我们能作为社会成员正常活动。
Memory tip: Link 'socialisation' to 'soaking up society'. Visualise a sponge absorbing the liquid around it – primary socialisation is the first soak, secondary adds more colour later.
记忆技巧：将“社会化”联想为“吸收社会”。想象一块海绵吸收周围的液体——初级社会化是第一次浸泡，次级社会化随后添加更多色彩。
3. Culture | 文化
Culture encompasses the shared beliefs, values, practices, material artefacts, and symbols that characterise a group or society. It includes both non-material culture (language, norms, religion) and material culture (clothing, technology, art). Culture is learned, not biologically inherited, and varies enormously across time and space. Sociologists study how culture shapes behaviour and maintains social order.
文化包括一个群体或社会共有的信仰、价值观、实践、物质制品和符号。它包含非物质文化（语言、规范、宗教）和物质文化（服饰、技术、艺术）。文化是习得的而非生物遗传，在不同时间和地点差异巨大。社会学家研究文化如何塑造行为并维持社会秩序。
Memory tip: Think of culture as an iceberg: the visible tip is material culture (food, flags), while the huge mass below water represents deep values and assumptions. Use 'CULTURE: Collective Understanding Learned Through Unspoken Rules & Everyday life'.
记忆技巧：把文化看作冰山：可见的尖端是物质文化（食物、旗帜），水下庞大的部分代表深层价值观和假设。使用首字母助记：“CULTURE: Collective Understanding Learned Through Unspoken Rules & Everyday life”。
4. Norms and Values | 规范与价值观
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is desirable, good, and important in a society – such as honesty, success, or respect for elders. Norms are the unwritten rules or expectations of behaviour that arise from these values. For example, the value of punctuality leads to the norm of arriving on time for appointments. Breaking norms may result in informal sanctions like disapproval, or formal sanctions like fines.
价值观是关于社会中什么是可取、良好和重要的深层信念，例如诚实、成功或尊重长辈。规范是由这些价值观产生的非成文行为规则或期望。例如，守时的价值观导致准时赴约的规范。违反规范可能导致非正式制裁（如不赞同）或正式制裁（如罚款）。
Memory tip: Values are the 'why', norms are the 'how'. Think V before N in the alphabet – Values come first, then Norms. Value = Vision, Norm = Normal way to act.
记忆技巧：价值观是“为什么”，规范是“怎么做”。字母顺序 V 在 N 前——价值在先，规范在后。价值=愿景（Vision），规范=常规行为方式（Normal）。
5. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
A social status is the position a person occupies within a social structure, such as 'student', 'parent', or 'doctor'. Status can be ascribed (assigned at birth, like gender or royalty) or achieved (earned through effort, like a degree). A role is the set of expectations, rights, and duties attached to a particular status. Role conflict occurs when the demands of two or more statuses clash – for instance, being both a student and an employee.
社会地位是个人在社会结构中所处的位置，如“学生”“父母”或“医生”。地位可以是先赋的（出生时被赋予，如性别或王室身份）或自致的（通过努力获得，如学位）。角色是附着于特定地位的一系列期望、权利和义务。当两种或多种地位的要求相互冲突时，就发生角色冲突——例如，同时当学生和雇员。
Memory tip: Status is like your 'address badge' in society, and role is the 'behaviour script' that comes with that badge. Use the phrase: 'Status is what you are; role is what you do.'
记忆技巧：地位就像你在社会中的“地址牌”，角色就是随之而来的“行为剧本”。使用口诀：“地位是你是谁；角色是你做什么。”
6. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in a society based on factors like class, wealth, power, and prestige. It is a form of structured inequality that persists across generations. Sociologists examine different systems of stratification: the caste system (closed, by birth), the estate system (feudal), and the class system (relatively open, based on economic position). Marx and Weber offered contrasting explanations of class and status.
社会分层指基于阶级、财富、权力和声望等因素对个人和群体进行等级排列。它是一种跨代持续的结构性不平等。社会学家研究不同的分层体系：种姓制度（封闭的、基于出身）、等级制度（封建的）和阶级制度（相对开放的、基于经济地位）。马克思和韦伯对阶级和地位提供了截然不同的解释。
Memory tip: Picture a layer cake or staircase – 'strat' means layer. The higher the layer, the more resources. Think 'S.T.R.A.T.': Socially Transmitted Ranking Across Time.
记忆技巧：想象一个分层蛋糕或楼梯——“strat”意为层。层越高，资源越多。思考首字母组合“S.T.R.A.T.”：Socially Transmitted Ranking Across Time（社会性跨时等级排列）。
7. Power and Authority | 权力与权威
Power is the ability of an individual or group to achieve their goals and impose their will, even against resistance. Authority is the legitimate or socially approved use of power – when people accept that the power is rightfully exercised. Max Weber distinguished three ideal types of authority: traditional (based on custom, like a monarch), charismatic (based on personal magnetism), and legal-rational (based on rules and laws, like elected officials).
权力是个人或群体实现目标并强加意志的能力，即使遇到抵抗。权威是正当的或被社会认可的权力运用方式——当人们接受权力被合法行使时。马克斯·韦伯区分了三种理想类型的权威：传统型（基于习俗，如君主）、魅力型（基于个人吸引力）和法理型（基于规则和法律，如民选官员）。
g a gun; authority is wearing a police badge. Authority = Legitimate Power. Remember Weber' ee As: Ancestors (traditional), Attraction (charismatic), Administration (legal-rational).
记忆技巧：权力好比拥有枪；权威好比佩戴警徽。权威=合法化的权力。记住韦伯的三个“A”：Ancestors（祖先→传统型），Attraction（吸引力→魅力型），Administration（行政管理→法理型）。
8. Identity | 身份认同
Identity refers to how individuals see themselves and are seen by others. It is formed through social interaction and can include personal identity (unique traits, life history) and social identity (membership of groups such as ethnicity, nationality, gender, or subculture). Postmodern sociologists argue identity has become more fluid and fragmented in contemporary society, while symbolic interactionists focus on how we negotiate identity through everyday encounters.
身份认同指个体如何看待自己以及被他人看待的方式。它通过社会互动形成，包括个人身份（独特特质、人生经历）和社会身份（群体归属，如种族、国籍、性别或亚文化）。后现代社会学家认为，在当代社会身份变得更具流动性和碎片化，而符号互动论者则关注我们如何通过日常相遇来协商身份。
Memory tip: Identity is your 'I.D.' card – yourself and to the world. Think of layers of an onion: personal core, then social layers. 'I.D. = I Define & am Defined'.
记忆技巧：身份认同如同你的“身份证”——它告诉自己和世界你是谁。思考洋葱层次：核心是个人身份，外层是社会身份。“I.D. = I Define & am Defined”（我定义且被定义）。
9. Deviance and Crime | 越轨与犯罪
Deviance is any behaviour that violates social norms, ranging from minor infractions (dressing oddly) to serious breaches (theft). Crime is a specific form of deviance that breaks formal laws and is punishable by the state. However, not all deviance is criminal, and not all crime is considered deviant by everyone. Sociological theories of deviance include functionalist (Durkheim's anomie and boundary-setting), interactionist (labelling theory), and Marxist (law serves the ruling class).
越轨指任何违反社会规范的行为，从轻微失范（着装怪异）到严重违规（盗窃）。犯罪是一种特殊的越轨形式，它违反正式法律并受国家惩罚。然而，并非所有越轨都是犯罪，也非所有犯罪都被所有人视为越轨。越轨的社会学理论包括功能主义（涂尔干的失范与边界设定）、互动论（标签理论）和马克思主义（法律服务于统治阶级）。
Memory tip: Deviance is 'departure from the norm'; crime is 'codified into law'. Use the phrase: 'All cats are deviant but not all deviants are cats' Remember labelling: a deviant is someone to whom the label has been successfully applied.
记忆技巧：越轨是“偏离规范”；犯罪是“被编入法律”。使用口诀：“所有的猫（犯罪）都是越轨，但不是所有越轨都是猫。”记住标签理论：越轨者是标签被成功贴在身上的人。
10. Globalisation | 全球化
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of societies across the world, driven by advances in communication, technology, trade, and migration. It results in the flow of capital, culture, ideas, and people across national boundaries. Sociologists debate its effects: some see a homogenisation of world cultures (Americanisation), while others point to glocalisation – where global products adapt to local contexts. It also creates new forms of inequality and transforms identities.
全球化是指由通信、技术、贸易和移民进步驱动的、世界各国社会之间日益增强的相互联系。它导致资本、文化、观念和人员跨越国界流动。社会学家对其影响存在争论：一些人看到世界文化的同质化（美国化），另一些人则指出全球在地化——全球产品适应本地语境。全球化还创造新的不平等形式并改变身份认同。
Memory tip: Think of a 'global village' – the world shrunk by technology. Break the word: GLOBE-all-isation. The globe is made small and local. Rapid transport and the internet make everywhere feel nearby.
记忆技巧：想象一个“地球村”——技术使世界缩小。拆分单词：GLOBE-all-isation，地球变得小巧而本土化。快速交通和互联网让任何地方都感觉很近。
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