Year 12 CIE Psychology: Key Terms and Vocabulary Memorization Guide | Year 12 CIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 CIE Psychology: Key Terms and Vocabulary Memorization Guide | Year 12 CIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the precise terminology of CIE Psychology (9990) is half the battle for Year 12. This guide breaks down must-know terms across research methods and the four approaches, pairing each definition with a simple memory hook. Use these bilingual explanations and mnemonics to lock terms into long-term memory and tackle those SAQs and essays with confidence.

掌握 CIE 心理学 (9990) 的精确术语是 Year 12 考试成功的一半。本指南涵盖研究方法与四大流派的核心词汇，为每个定义配上一个易记的口诀。使用这些中英双语解释和记忆术，将术语固化为长期记忆，从容应对简答与论述题。

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1. Core Research Methods Terms | 研究方法核心术语

Independent Variable (IV): The factor that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates to see its effect on the DV. Memory tip: "I manipulate, so it's Independent – I change it."

自变量 (IV): 研究者有意识地改变或操纵的因素，以观察其对因变量的影响。记忆口诀："我( I )操纵它，所以它是Independent，我改变它。"

Dependent Variable (DV): The factor that is measured by the researcher to see if it was affected by the IV. Memory tip: "DV Depends on the IV – we measure the Difference."

因变量 (DV): 研究者测量的因素，以观察它是否受自变量影响。记忆口诀："DV取决于(Depends on) IV，我们测量变化(Difference)。"

Confounding Variable: An unwanted variable that changes systematically with the IV and could distort the DV – like a hidden third factor. Memory tip: "Con-founds – it confuses your findings."

混淆变量: 一种讨厌的变量，系统地随自变量变化，可能扭曲因变量的结果——像隐藏的第三因素。记忆口诀："Confounds让你困惑，混淆你的发现。"

Operationalisation: Defining exactly how you will measure or manipulate a variable in a practical way (e.g., 'aggression' as number of hits recorded). Memory tip: "Operation – make it work in a clear operation, not an abstract idea."

操作化: 准确地定义你将如何以实际的方式测量或操纵一个变量(例如，把"攻击性"定义为记录的击打次数)。记忆口诀："Operation，像做手术一样清晰操作，而不是抽象概念。"

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2. Experimental Design and Controls | 实验设计与控制

Independent Measures Design: Different participants are used in each condition of the experiment. Memory tip: "Independent groups – each group stands alone, unconnected."

独立组设计: 实验的每个条件使用不同的参与者。记忆口诀："独立的组互相独立，毫无关联。"

Repeated Measures Design: The same participants take part in all conditions of the experiment. Memory tip: "Repeated – the same people Repeat the tasks."

重复测量设计: 同一批参与者参加实验的所有条件。记忆口诀："重复(Repeated)——相同的人重复做任务。"

Matched Pairs Design: Participants are paired based on a key trait relevant to the study, then each pair is split between conditions. Memory tip: "Matched like twins – one goes to each condition."

匹配对设计: 参与者根据与实验相关的关键特征配对，然后每对中的两人被分配到不同条件。记忆口诀："像双胞胎一样匹配，每个去一个条件。"

Counterbalancing: A technique used in repeated measures to control order effects; half the participants do condition A then B, half do B then A. Memory tip: "Counter – balance the order, like a see-saw."

抵消平衡: 在重复测量中用于控制顺序效应的技术；一半参与者先A后B，一半先B后A。记忆口诀："Counterbalance——像跷跷板一样平衡顺序。"

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3. Data Analysis and Statistics | 数据分析与统计

Mean: The arithmetic average of a set of scores, sensitive to extreme values. Memory tip: "Mean is the 'mean average' – not always kind to outliers."

平均数 (Mean): 一组分数的算术平均值，对极端值敏感。记忆口诀："Mean是平均值的无情代表，容易受极端值欺负。"

Standard Deviation (σ): A measure of how spread out scores are around the mean – a small SD means data cluster tightly. Memory tip: "Deviation – how scores deviate from the typical; 'standard' way to measure spread."

标准差 (σ): 衡量分数围绕平均值的分散程度的指标——标准差小意味着数据聚集得很紧密。记忆口诀："Deviation偏离，看数据如何偏离典型；标准(standard)地测量离散度。"

p-value (p < 0.05) by chance. A p ≤ 0.05 typically means the result is statistically significant. Memory tip: "p for 'probability of being a fluke' – if p is low, result is go!"

p值 (p < 0.05): 观察到的结果是由偶发概率所致的概率。通常 p ≤ 0.05 意味着结果具有统计学显著性。记忆口诀："p是'偶然(probability of being a fluke)'，p值低，结果就可靠，go!"

Type I Error: 'False positive' – rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. Memory tip: "Type I – I thought I saw something that wasn’t there."

第一类错误: "假阳性"——拒绝了一个真实的零假设。记忆口诀："第一类，我以为看到了不存在的东西。"

Type II Error: 'False negative' – failing to reject a false null hypothesis. Memory tip: "Type II – I missed it; II letters in 'miss'? No, just think 'too blind to see'."

第二类错误: "假阴性"——当零假设实际错误时没能拒绝它。记忆口诀："第二类，我错过了；好比'视而不见'。"

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4. Biological Approach Key Terms | 生物心理学关键术语

Neurotransmitter: Chemical messengers that travel across the synaptic gap between neurons (e.g., serotonin, dopamine). Memory tip: "Neuro-transmitters – transmit messages in the nervous system, like secret notes passed across a gap."

神经递质: 穿过神经元之间突触间隙的化学信使(如血清素、多巴胺)。记忆口诀："Neuro-transmitters在神经系统中传递信息，像穿过间隙传递秘密纸条。"

Amygdala: An almond-shaped brain structure critical for processing emotions like fear and aggression. Memory tip: "Amy and her almond – feels emotions; 'Amy g' laughs when angry."

杏仁核 (Amygdala): 杏仁形状的脑结构，对处理恐惧、攻击等情绪至关重要。记忆口诀："Amy和她的杏仁(almond)——感受情绪；'Amy g'生气时大笑。"

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging): A brain-scanning technique that measures blood flow to map active brain areas during a task. Memory tip: "fMRI – follow the blood flow, map the Magnetic activity."

功能性磁共振成像 (fMRI): 通过测量血流来绘制任务中活跃脑区的脑成像技术。记忆口诀："fMRI——追踪血流，描绘磁(Magnetic)活动。"

Concordance Rate: The percentage of twins or relatives who both share a given characteristic; used in heritability studies. Memory tip: "Concord – agreement; rate of agreement in a pair."

一致率: 双胞胎或亲属中双方都表现出某一特征的百分比；用于遗传力研究。记忆口诀："Concord一致，一对中一致的比例。"

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5. Cognitive Approach Key Terms | 认知心理学关键术语

Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) proposing sensory memory → short-term memory → long-term memory via rehearsal. Memory tip: "Multi-Store like a store with three rooms – you must rehearse to move goods from short to long."

多储存模型 (阿特金森 & 希夫林): 一个结构模型，提出感觉记忆→短时记忆→长时记忆，通过复述转移。记忆口诀："多储存模型像有三个房间的商店，要复述才能把货物从短期搬进长期。"

Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch): A more active model containing Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuo-spatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer. Memory tip: "Work – your brain actively works with different slave systems, like a boss managing helpers."

工作记忆模型 (巴德利 & 希奇): 一个更动态的模型，包含中央执行、语音环、视空间画板和情景缓冲区。记忆口诀："工作(work)，你的大脑主动管理不同的'奴工'系统，像老板管理帮手。"

Proactive Interference: Old information disrupts recall of new information (e.g., old password blocks new one). Memory tip: "Pro-active – the Past acts forward to interfere."

前摄干扰: 旧信息干扰新信息的回忆(例如，旧密码阻碍新密码)。记忆口诀："前摄(Proactive)，过去(Past)向前干扰。"

Retroactive Interference: New information disrupts recall of old information. Memory tip: "Retro-active – new stuff works backward to ruin old memories."

倒摄干扰: 新信息干扰旧信息的回忆。记忆口诀："倒摄(Retroactive)，新东西向后(backward)破坏旧记忆。"

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6. Social Approach Key Terms | 社会心理学关键术语

Conformity: Adjusting one’s behaviour or opinions to match those of a group, often due to real or imagined pressure. Memory tip: "Con-form – you form with the group. Think 'conform, go with the norm'."

从众: 调整自己的行为或观点以符合群体，常因真实或感知到的压力。记忆口诀："Conform——与群体一致(con-form)，随大流。"

Obedience to Authority: Following direct orders from an authority figure, as studied in Milgram's experiments. Memory tip: "Obey – the order isn't a choice; 'OBEY' sounds like 'Oh, boss expects yes'."

服从权威: 遵循权威人物的直接命令，如米尔格拉姆实验所示。记忆口诀："服从(Obey)，命令不是选择；'OBEY'像'哦，老板期待你说是'。"

Social Identity Theory (Tajfel): One's self-concept is partly derived from membership in groups; leads to in-group favouritism and out-group bias. Memory tip: "Identity from society – your group ID shapes your 'self'."

社会认同理论 (塔杰费尔): 一个人的自我概念部分源于所属群体；导致内群体偏爱和外群体偏见。记忆口诀："社会认同，群体的身份证(ID)塑造自我。"

Diffusion of Responsibility: The idea that people feel less personal responsibility to act when others are present (bystander effect). Memory tip: "Responsibility diffuses like a cloud – the more people, the thinner your share."

责任分散: 当其他人在场时，个体感到采取行动的个人责任减少(旁观者效应)。记忆口诀："责任像云一样扩散(Diffuse)，人越多，你的那份越薄。"

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7. Learning Approach Key Terms | 学习心理学关键术语

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any learning (e.g., food in Pavlov's dogs). Memory tip: "Unconditioned – no conditions needed, it's automatic, like a Un-learned trigger."

无条件刺激 (UCS): 无需任何学习就能自然引发反应的刺激(如巴甫洛夫实验中的食物)。记忆口诀："Unconditioned，无条件，自动生效，像未学过的触发器。"

Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus, now the conditioned stimulus. Memory tip: "Conditioned Response – the response after conditioning, now you drool to the bell."

条件反应 (CR): 对原本中性刺激（此时已成条件刺激）的习得性反应。记忆口诀："条件反应，条件作用后，听到铃声就流口水了。"

Positive Reinforcement t stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour repeating (e.g., praise). Memory tip: "Positive = add; Reinforcement = strengthen. Add a reward to strengthen behaviour."

正强化: 添加愉悦刺激以增加行为重复的概率(如表扬)。记忆口诀："正就是添加，强化就是巩固。添加奖励来巩固行为。"

Negative Reinforcement aviour (e.g., stopping a loud noise when lever pressed). Note: not punishment. Memory tip: " = remove; reinforcement = strengthen. Remove something annoying to strengthen a behaviour."

负强化: 移除厌恶刺激以增加行为(例如，压下杠杆停止噪音)。注意：不是惩罚。记忆口诀："负是移除，强化是巩固。移除令人讨厌的东西来巩固行为。"

Observational Learning (Bandura): Learning by watching and imitating a model; involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Memory tip: "Observe and copy – ARRM (Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation) like 'arm' yourself with a model."

观察学习 (班杜拉): 通过观察和模仿榜样进行学习；需要注意、保持、复现和动机。记忆口诀："观察模仿——ARRM (注意、保持、复现、动机)像用榜样'武装'自己。"

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8. Issues and Debates Essential Terms | 核心争论术语

Nature vs Nurture: Debate over whether behaviour is determined by genetics (nature) or environment and learning (nurture). Memory tip: "Nature born, Nurture learned – 'nature' is your natural software, 'nurture' installs updates."

天性 vs 教养: 关于行为由遗传(天性)还是环境和学习(教养)决定的争论。记忆口诀："天性天生(Nature born)，教养后天学(Nurture learned)——天性是原装软件，教养安装补丁。"

Free Will vs Determinism: The argument over whether we freely choose our actions or they are determined by internal or external forces. Memory tip: "Determinism – determined like a movie script; Free will – you write your own script."

自由意志 vs 决定论: 关于我们能自由选择行为，还是行为受内外部力量决定的争论。记忆口诀："决定论像既定的电影剧本；自由意志是你自己写剧本。"

Reductionism vs Holism: Reductionism explains behaviour by breaking it into the simplest possible units (e.g., neurons); holism considers the whole person in context. Memory tip: "Reduction reduces everything to simple parts; Holism thinks 'whole' – don't leave out the big picture."

简化论 vs 整体论: 简化论通过将行为分解为最简单单位(如神经元)来解释；整体论考虑整个人及其情境。记忆口诀："简化论把一切化简(reduce)为零件；整体论想'全部(whole)'，不忽略大局。"

Individual vs Situational Explanations: Whether behaviour stems from stable personality traits (individual) or from social context and environment (situational). Memory tip: "Individual – the person's inner 'I' directs; Situational – the 'situation' you sit in shapes you."

个人 vs 情境解释: 行为源于稳定的人格特质(个人)还是社会情境与环境(情境)。记忆口诀："个人(Individual)是内在的'I'主导；情境(Situational)是你身处的'局面'塑造你。"

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9. General Memory Hacks for Psychology | 通用心理学速记技巧

Acronym Chains: Turn a list of processes or components into a catchy word. For the Working Memory Model's slave systems – P.E.V. (Phonological loop, Episodic buffer, Visuo-spatial sketchpad). Memory tip: "Think 'PEV' – the phonological, episodic, visual trio keeps your mind in working order."

首字母缩略词链: 将一系列过程或组成部分变成一个悦耳的单词。对于工作记忆模型的从属系统——PEV (语音环Phonological loop、情景缓冲区Episodic buffer、视空间板Visuo-spatial sketchpad)。记忆口诀："想'PEV'，语音、情景、视觉三人组让你的思维有序运转。"

Image Association: For 'negative reinforcement' vs 'positive reinforcement', visualise a noise being switched off (negative – removal) to make a rat happy. Memory tip: "Imagine the removal of a headache – that relief is negative reinforcement."

图像联想: 对于"负强化"和"正强化"，想象一个噪音被关掉(负——移除)让老鼠开心。记忆口诀："想象头痛消失——那种解脱就是负强化。"

Story Linking: For Milgram's obedience study, remember '65% shock' by linking it to a dramatic story: "Milgram's 65 – Mr. Sixty-Five went all the way to 450 volts, like a relentless road trip."

故事串联: 对于米尔格拉姆的服从研究，把'65%电击'关联成一个戏剧性故事："米尔格拉姆的65——65号先生一路开到450伏特，像一场疯狂的公路旅行。"

Rhyme for Validity Types: 'Internal validity is about control; external is about the real world.' Make it a rhyme: "Internal – infer with certainty; external – extend your findings externally."

效度类型的韵文: "内部效度关乎控制；外部效度关乎真实世界。" 编成顺口溜："内部效度，推理(infer)确凿；外部效度，外推(external)到底。"

Chunking Numbers: The capacity of short-term memory is 7±2. To remember, think "7 plus or minus 2 – slot for five to nine chunks." Pair it with the phone number chunking method.

组块数字: 短时记忆容量为7±2。记忆方法："7加减2——可以容纳5到9个组块。"结合电话号码分组法记忆。

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