📚 Year 13 AQA Music: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 13 AQA 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential quick-reference guide to Year 13 AQA Music terminology. The AQA specification asks you to analyse unfamiliar music, evaluate set works and write coherent essays using subject-specific vocabulary. This guide groups high-frequency terms by musical element, gives concise English definitions and pairs each with a Chinese translation to reinforce bilingual recall. Use it to test yourself, build flashcards, or clarify a concept mid-revision.
欢迎阅读 Year 13 AQA 音乐必备术语速记指南。AQA 考试大纲要求你分析不熟悉的音乐、评价规定作品，并运用学科特定词汇写出连贯的论文。本指南按音乐元素分组高频术语，给出简洁的英文定义，并配以中文翻译，以强化双语记忆。可用于自我测试、制作闪卡，或在复习中随查随用、厘清概念。
The Appraising Music component rewards precise language. Marking schemes repeatedly ask for terminology that is "appropriate to the genre" and "used accurately", so a vague answer such as "it gets louder and faster" earns far less than "a crescendo with stringendo drives the music towards the recapitulation". The twelve sections below follow the elements of music that examiners use as a checklist: dynamics, tempo and rhythm, melody, harmony, tonality, texture, structure, sonority, devices and ornamentation, performing techniques, context and genre, and finally the command words that shape your essay.
音乐鉴赏（Appraising Music）部分奖励精确的语言。评分标准一再要求术语要"符合该体裁"且"使用准确"，因此笼统的答案如"它变得更响更快"，得分远低于"渐强配合速度加紧（stringendo）推动音乐走向再现部"。以下十二个小节遵循考官用作检查清单的音乐元素：力度、速度与节奏、旋律、和声、调性、织体、结构、音色、手法与装饰、演奏技巧、语境与体裁，最后是决定你论文写作方式的指令词。
1. Dynamics and Expression | 力度与表情
Dynamics indicate the volume of sound, while expression markings add nuance to performance. In AQA, you must be able to describe gradual changes, sudden accents and interpretive instructions in both scores and aural extracts.
力度表示音响的音量，而表情标记为演奏增添细微变化。在 AQA 考试中，你必须能在乐谱和听辨节选里描述渐变的力度、突强重音以及演奏指示。
Remember that dynamic markings are relative, not absolute: a forte in one extract may sound quieter than a mezzo piano in another, because it depends on performing forces, register and texture. In essays, treat dynamics as a structural device - for example, how a piano opening contrasts with a fortissimo climax, or how a crescendo builds tension towards a cadence.
请记住，力度标记是相对的，而非绝对的：一段节选中的 forte 可能比另一段中的 mezzo piano 听起来更轻，因为它取决于演奏编制、音区和织体。在论文中，应把力度视为一种结构手段——例如极弱（piano）的开头如何与极强（fortissimo）的高潮形成对比，或渐强如何为走向终止式积累张力。
| English Term & Definition | 中文术语与定义 |
|---|---|
| pianissimo (pp) – very soft | 很弱 |
| piano (p) – soft | 弱 |
| mezzo piano (mp) – moderately soft | 中弱 |
| mezzo forte (mf) – moderately loud | 中强 |
| forte (f) – loud | 强 |
| fortissimo (ff) – very loud | 很强 |
| crescendo (cresc.) – gradually getting louder | 渐强 |
| diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo (decresc.) – gradually getting softer | 渐弱 |
| sforzando (sfz) – a sudden, strong accent | 突强 |
| fortepiano (fp) – loud then immediately soft | 强后即弱 |
| subito piano (sub. p) – suddenly soft | 突然弱奏 |
| marcato – marked, accented | 强调的，着重奏出 |
| espressivo (espress.) – expressively | 富有表情地 |
| dolce – sweetly | 甜美的 |
| rinforzando (rf) – reinforcing the sound, an accent | 加强、加重 |
| morendo – dying away | 逐渐消失 |
| smorzando (smorz.) – fading and diminishing | 逐渐变弱并消逝 |
Watch the difference between sfz and fp: sforzando marks a single accented note, whereas fortepiano means the note begins loud and is immediately reduced. Subito piano changes the level abruptly rather than gradually, and marcato belongs to articulation as much as to dynamics.
要注意 sfz 与 fp 的区别：sforzando 是给单个音加上重音，而 fortepiano 表示该音以强奏开始并立即减弱。Subito piano 是突然改变音量层级，而非渐变；marcato 既属于力度，也属于发音（运音）范畴。
2. Tempo, Metre and Rhythm | 速度、节拍与节奏
Tempo terms tell the performer how fast to play and often imply a character as well. AQA extracts frequently begin with a tempo marking that you are expected to quote and interpret, so learn the standard Italian terms plus the modifiers that change them.
速度术语告诉演奏者演奏多快，并且往往同时暗示某种性格。AQA 节选常常以速度标记开头，需要你引用并解释，因此要掌握标准意大利语术语以及改变它们的修饰词。
- grave – very slow and solemn | 极慢而庄严
- largo – slow and broad | 缓慢宽广
- lento – slow | 慢
- adagio – slow, at ease | 缓慢从容
- andante – walking pace | 行板，步行速度
- moderato – moderate speed | 中速
- allegro – fast, lively | 快板，活泼
- vivace – lively, brisk | 活泼轻快
- presto – very fast | 急板
- prestissimo – as fast as possible | 最急板
- accelerando (accel.) – gradually getting faster | 渐快
- stringendo – pressing on, getting faster | 加紧、加快
- ritenuto (riten.) – immediately held back | 立即放慢
- rallentando (rall.) – gradually slowing | 逐渐减慢
- allargando – broadening out, slower and louder | 渐慢并渐强
- meno mosso / più mosso – less / more movement | 转慢 / 转快
- a tempo – return to the original speed | 回到原速
- rubato – flexible tempo for expression | 自由速度
Metre is the pattern of strong and weak beats organised in bars. Simple time divides each beat into two (2/4, 3/4, 4/4), compound time divides each beat into three (6/8, 9/8, 12/8), and irregular or asymmetric metres such as 5/4 and 7/8 cannot be grouped into equal pairs or threes.
节拍是把强拍与弱拍组织在小节内的模式。单拍子把每拍分成两份（2/4、3/4、4/4），复拍子把每拍分成三份（6/8、9/8、12/8），而 5/4、7/8 等不规则或不对称节拍无法平均分成两等份或三等份。
Simple quadruple 单四拍子 = 4/4 | Compound duple 复二拍子 = 6/8 | Irregular 不规则拍子 = 5/4, 7/8
Rhythmic vocabulary overlaps with metre but describes what actually happens: syncopation displaces the expected accent, hemiola sets two bars of triple time against three groups of two, a tuplet squeezes three notes into the time of two, and polyrhythm or cross-rhythm places conflicting patterns at once. An anacrusis (upbeat) begins a phrase before the first strong beat.
节奏词汇与节拍相关，但描述的是实际发生的情况：切分音打乱了预期的重音位置；赫米奥拉把小节三拍感与三个两音组对立起来；连音（tuplet）把三个音塞进两个音的时间里；多节奏或交错节奏让相互冲突的节奏型同时出现。弱起（anacrusis，即上拍）让乐句在第一个强拍之前开始。
3. Melody, Pitch and Intervals | 旋律、音高与音程
A melody is a succession of pitches organised into phrases. Describe its shape and range as well as its content: does it move by step or leap, rise to a climax, or circle around a central note? Interval recognition is the fastest route to accurate melodic description.
旋律是被组织成乐句的音高序列。除了内容，还要描述它的轮廓与音域：它是级进还是跳进，是否上升到高潮，或者围绕某个中心音环绕？音程听辨是获得准确旋律描述的最快途径。
Minor 2nd 小二度 = 1 semitone 半音 | Major 2nd 大二度 = 2 | Minor 3rd 小三度 = 3 | Major 3rd 大三度 = 4 | Perfect 5th 纯五度 = 7 | Octave 八度 = 12
- conjunct (stepwise) – moving mainly by step | 级进，主要按音级移动
- disjunct – moving mainly by leap | 跳进，主要按跳进移动
- ascending / descending – rising / falling | 上行 / 下行
- melodic range – distance from lowest to highest note | 旋律音域，最低音到最高音的距离
- phrase – a musical sentence | 乐句
- antecedent and consequent – question and answer phrases | 前句与后句，问答式乐句
- motif – a short, recurring idea | 动机，短小且反复出现的素材
- melisma – several notes sung to one syllable | 花唱，一个音节唱多个音
- syllabic – one note per syllable | 音节式，一个音节一个音
When a motif returns altered, name the process: sequence (repeated at a higher or lower pitch), imitation (restated in another part), inversion (turned upside down), retrograde (reversed), augmentation (lengthened
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