📚 Year 13 AQA Psychology: Key Terminology Quick Reference Guide | AQA 心理学A2词汇术语速记指南
This guide consolidates the essential terminology you need to master for the Year 13 AQA Psychology specification. Each term is explained clearly in English and Chinese, organised by topic so you can quickly review and retain the most critical concepts for your exams.
本指南汇集了 AQA 心理学 A2 阶段必须掌握的核心术语。每个术语均以中英双语清晰解释，并按主题整理，便于你快速复习、牢固记忆考试中最关键的概念。
1. Social Influence | 社会影响
Conformity – a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
从众 – 由于实际或想象中的群体压力而导致的行为或信念改变。
Internalisation – a deep type of conformity where we take on the majority view because we accept it as correct; both public and private beliefs change.
内化 – 一种深层的从众，我们接受大多数人的观点是因为真心认为其正确；公开和私人信念都发生变化。
Identification – a type of conformity where we adopt the group's behaviour to establish a relationship with the group, even if we don't fully agree privately.
认同 – 一种从众，我们采纳群体行为是为了与群体建立关系，即便内心不完全同意。
Compliance – superficial conformity where we go along with the group publicly but maintain our own private beliefs.
顺从 – 表面的从众，公开附和群体但私下保留个人信念。
Normative social influence (NSI) – conforming to be liked and accepted by a group; driven by the desire to fit in.
规范性社会影响 – 为被群体喜欢和接纳而服从；由归属需要驱动。
Informational social influence (ISI) – conforming because we believe others have better knowledge in an ambiguous situation; driven by the need to be right.
信息性社会影响 – 在不确定情境中，因相信他人掌握更准确的信息而服从；由正确性需要驱动。
Obedience – a change in behaviour in response to a direct order from an authority figure.
服从 – 响应权威人物直接命令而发生的行为改变。
Agentic state – a mental state where we see ourselves as acting as an agent for someone else and therefore feel no personal responsibility for our actions.
代理状态 – 一种心理状态，个体视自己为他人的代理人，因此对自身行为不承担个人责任。
Locus of control – the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them; internal vs. external.
控制点 – 个体相信自己能在多大程度上掌控影响自己的事件；分为内控型与外控型。
Minority influence – the process by which a consistent, committed, and flexible minority can change the view of the majority, leading to internalisation.
少数派影响 – 少数群体通过一致性、奉献精神和灵活性能改变多数人观点的过程，导致内化。
2. Memory | 记忆
Coding – the format in which information is stored in the various memory stores; can be acoustic, visual, or semantic.
编码 – 信息在不同记忆存储中保存的形式；可分为听觉、视觉或语义编码。
Capacity – mation that can be held in a memory store; e.g., short-term memory holds about 7±2 chunks.
容量 – 记忆存储能容纳的信息量；如短时记忆容量约为 7±2 个组块。
Duration – the length of time information can be held in a memory store.
持续时间 – 信息能在记忆存储中保持的时间长度。
Episodic memory – long-term memory for personal events and experiences, including context and emotions; time-stamped.
情景记忆 – 对个人经历和事件的长时记忆，包含背景和情绪；带有时间标记。
Semantic memory – long-term memory for facts, concepts, and general knowledge; not time-stamped.
语义记忆 – 对事实、概念和常识的长时记忆；无时间标记。
Procedural memory – long-term memory for skills and actions; typically automatic and hard to verbalise.
程序性记忆 – 对技能和动作的长时记忆；通常是自动化且难以语言描述的。
Working memory model (WMM) – a model of short-term memory featuring the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
工作记忆模型 – 一种短时记忆模型，包含中央执行器、语音回路、视空间画板和情景缓冲器。
Central executive – the supervisory component of working memory that allocates data to subsystems and deals with cognitive tasks.
中央执行器 – 工作记忆中起监督作用的成分，负责将数据分配到各子系统并处理认知任务。
Interference theory – forgetting occurs because one memory disrupts the recall of another; proactive and retroactive interference.
干扰理论 – 遗忘是因一段记忆干扰另一段记忆的提取；分前摄干扰和倒摄干扰。
Retrieval failure – forgetting due to absence of cues; the information is available but not accessible.
提取失败 – 因缺乏线索而导致遗忘；信息存在但无法提取。
3. Attachment | 依恋
Attachment – a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space.
依恋 – 一种深厚持久的情感联结，跨越时间和空间将人与他人相连。
Interactional synchrony – mother and infant reflect the actions and emotions of each other in a co-ordinated way.
互动同步 – 母婴以协调的方式相互映射对方的动作和情绪。
Reciprocity – a two-way mutual process where infant and caregiver respond to and elicit responses from each other.
互惠性 – 一种双向互动过程，婴儿和照料者彼此响应并引发对方回应。
Secure attachment – an infant uses the caregiver as a secure base, shows moderate distress at separation, and is easily comforted upon reunion.
安全型依恋 – 婴儿将照料者作为安全基地，分离时表现出适度痛苦，重聚时容易被安抚。
Insecure-avoidant attachment – an infant avoids closeness with the caregiver, shows little distress at separation, and ignores the caregiver upon return.
不安全–回避型依恋 – 婴儿回避与照料者的亲近，分离时较少痛苦，重聚时忽视照料者。
Insecure-resistant attachment – an infant clings to the caregiver, shows intense distress at separation, but resists comfort upon reunion.
不安全–反抗型依恋 – 婴儿紧紧依附照料者，分离时极度痛苦，但在重聚时又抗拒安抚。
Internal working model – a mental representation of the self, the attachment figure, and the relationship, shaping future relationships.
内部工作模式 – 对自我、依恋对象及其关系的心理表征，影响未来的人际关系。
Strange Situation – a controlled observation procedure designed by Ainsworth to measure attachment types in infants.
陌生情境法 – 由安斯沃思设计的受控观察程序，用于测量婴儿的依恋类型。
Maternal deprivation – prolonged separation from, or loss of, a primary caregiver during the critical period; linked to long-term emotional and social damage.
母性剥夺 – 在关键期内与主要照料者长期分离或失去该照料者；与长期情感和社交损伤有关。
Contact comfort – Harlow’s finding that infant monkeys preferred the soft cloth mother for comfort over the wire mother that provided food.
接触安慰 – 哈洛的研究发现，幼猴为寻求舒适而偏好柔软的绒布母猴，胜过提供食物的铁丝母猴。
4. Psychopathology | 异常心理学
Statistical infrequency – a definition of abnormality focusing on behaviours that are statistically rare.
统计罕见 – 一种以统计上罕见的行为为标准来定义异常的方式。
Deviation from social norms – behaviour is abnormal if it violates the unwritten rules or expectations of a society.
偏离社会规范 – 如果行为违反了一个社会不成文的规则或期望，则被视为异常。
Failure to function adequately – an individual is considered abnormal if they are unable to cope with everyday life, causing personal distress and impairment.
功能失常 – 如果个体无法应对日常生活，造成个人痛苦和功能受损，则被视为异常。
Deviation from ideal mental health – Jahoda’s criteria define abnormality as the absence of positive characteristics such as self-actualisation and accurate perception of reality.
偏离理想心理健康 – 雅霍达提出的标准，将缺乏自我实现、现实知觉不准确等积极特征定义为异常。
Phobia – an anxiety disorder characterised by an irrational fear of an object or situation, leading to avoidance behaviour.
恐惧症 – 一种焦虑障碍，特征是对某物体或情境产生非理性恐惧，并导致回避行为。
Systematic desensitisation – a behavioural therapy for phobias based on classical conditioning; patients learn relaxation techniques and are gradually exposed to the feared stimulus.
系统脱敏 – 基于经典条件作用的恐惧症行为疗法；患者学习放松技术并逐步暴露于恐惧刺激。
Flooding – a behavioural therapy that involves immediate and full exposure to the feared stimulus, with no gradual build-up, allowing extinction to occur.
冲击疗法 – 一种行为疗法，要求立即并充分暴露于恐惧刺激，无渐进过程，使恐惧消退发生。
Depression – a mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest, and reduced energy levels; linked to negative cognitive biases.
抑郁症 – 一种心境障碍，特征为持续的情绪低落、兴趣丧失和精力下降；与消极认知偏差有关。
Negative triad – Beck’s cognitive explanation for depression: negative views of the self, the world, and the future.
负性三角 – 贝克对抑郁的认知解释：对自我、世界和未来的消极看法。
OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) – an anxiety disorder where individuals experience persistent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and engage in repetitive behaviours (compulsions) to reduce anxiety.
强迫症 – 一种焦虑障碍，个体经历持续的侵入性想法（强迫观念）并实施重复行为（强迫行为）以减轻焦虑。
5. Research Methods | 研究方法
Aim – a general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate in a study.
目的 – 研究者对研究意图的概括性陈述。
Hypothesis – a precise, testable prediction about the expected outcome of a study; can be directional (one-tailed) or non-directional (two-tailed).
假设 – 对研究预期结果的精确、可检验的预测；可分方向性假设（单尾）和非方向性假设（双尾）。
Independent variable (IV) – the variable that the researcher manipulates or changes, to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
自变量 – 研究者操纵或改变的变量，以观察其对因变量的影响。
Dependent variable (DV) – the variable that is measured; the outcome that may change in response to the independent variable.
因变量 – 被测量的变量；可能随自变量变化的结果。
Confounding variable – an uncontrolled extraneous variable that systematically affects the dependent variable, making it impossible to infer causation.
混淆变量 – 未控制的额外变量，会系统性地影响因变量，导致无法推断因果关系。
Ecological validity – the extent to which findings from a research study can be generalised to real-life settings.
生态效度 – 研究结果能推广到真实生活情境的程度。
Internal validity – the degree to which the observed effects in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than other factors.
内部效度 – 研究中观察到的效应在多大程度上归因于自变量的操纵，而非其他因素。
Correlation coefficient – a number between –1 and +1 that indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two co-variables.
相关系数 – 表示两个协变量之间关系强度和方向的数字，范围在 –1 到 +1 之间。
Content analysis – a method of converting qualitative data (e.g., text, media) into quantitative data by coding and categorising themes.
内容分析 – 通过编码和分类主题将定性数据（如文本、媒介）转化为定量数据的方法。
Thematic analysis – a qualitative method for identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns (themes) within data.
主题分析 – 一种识别、分析和报告数据内部模式（主题）的定性方法。
Meta-analysis – a statistical technique that combines the results of several studies addressing a similar research question to provide an overall effect size.
元分析 – 一种统计技术，合并多个针对相似研究问题的研究结果，以提供总体效应量。
Cohen’s d = (M₁ – M₂) / SDpooled
科恩 d = (M₁ – M₂) / SD合并
6. Biopsychology | 生物心理学
Central nervous system (CNS) – consists of the brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and coordinating sensory input and motor output.
中枢神经系统 – 由脑和脊髓组成，负责处理并协调感觉输入和运动输出。
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – the part of the nervous system outside the CNS; divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
周围神经系统 – 中枢神经系统以外的神经部分；分为躯体神经系统和自主神经系统。
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) – controls involuntary bodily functions; subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
自主神经系统 – 控制不随意身体功能；分为交感神经和副交感神经分支。
Sympathetic nervous system – activates the 'fight or flight' response, increasing heart rate, breathing rate, and dilating pupils.
交感神经系统 – 启动“战斗或逃跑”反应，使心率、呼吸频率加快，瞳孔放大。
Parasympathetic nervous system – restores the body to a resting state, promoting 'rest and digest' functions.
副交感神经系统 – 使身体恢复到静息状态，促进“休息与消化”功能。
Neuron – a nerve cell that transmits information via electrical and chemical signals; comprises dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, and terminal buttons.
神经元 – 通过电信号和化学信号传递信息的神经细胞；由树突、胞体、轴突、髓鞘和终扣组成。
Synaptic transmission – the process by which a nerve impulse crosses the synaptic cleft; neurotransmitters are released from vesicles and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
突触传递 – 神经冲动跨越突触间隙的过程；神经递质从囊泡释放并与突触后神经元上的受体结合。
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) – a neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood oxygenation; high spatial resolution.
功能磁共振成像 – 一种通过检测血氧变化来测量大脑活动的神经影像技术；空间分辨率高。
EEG (electroencephalogram) – a method that records electrical activity of the brain via electrodes placed on the scalp; high temporal resolution.
脑电图 – 通过在头皮上放置电极来记录大脑电活动的方法；时间分辨率高。
Endogenous pacemakers – internal biological clocks, such as the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), that regulate circadian rhythms.
内源性起搏器 – 调节昼夜节律的内部生物钟，例如视交叉上核。
Exogenous zeitgebers – external cues, such as light and social activity, that entrain our biological rhythms.
外源性授时因子 – 导引生物节律的外部线索，如光线和社交活动。
7. Issues and Debates | 议题与辩论
Gender bias – the differential treatment or representation of males and females based on stereotypes; includes alpha bias (exaggerating differences) and beta bias (minimising differences).
性别偏见 – 基于刻板印象对男女进行区别对待或表述；包括阿尔法偏差（夸大差异）和贝塔偏差（最小化差异）。
Cultural bias – the tendency to view all behaviour through the lens of one’s own culture; often leads to ethnocentrism or cultural relativism.
文化偏见 – 倾向于用自身文化的视角看待所有行为；常导致种族中心主义或文化相对主义。
Ethnocentrism – judging other cultures by the standards and values of one’s own culture, often regarding one’s own culture as superior.
种族中心主义 – 以自身文化的标准和价值观评判其他文化，常认为自己的文化更优越。
Free will – the notion that humans can make choices and their behaviour is not determined by biological or external forces.
自由意志 – 认为人类能够做出选择，其行为不受生物或外部力量决定的观点。
Determinism – the view that all behaviour is caused by prior events; includes biological, environmental, psychic, and soft/hard determinism.
决定论 – 认为所有行为都由先前事件所导致的观点；包括生物决定论、环境决定论、精神决定论以及软/硬决定论。
Nature–nurture debate – a debate concerning whether behaviour is mainly inherited (nature) or learned/acquired from the environment (nurture).
先天与后天之争 – 关于行为主要源于遗传（先天）还是环境学习/习得（后天）的辩论。
Holism – an argument that behaviour should be studied as a whole system, as the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
整体论 – 主张行为应作为整体系统来研究，因为整体大于部分之和。
Reductionism – the approach of breaking complex behaviour down into its simplest component parts; biological or environmental reductionism.
还原论 – 将复杂行为分解为最简单的组成部分的方法；分为生物还原论和环境还原论。
Idiographic approach – a research method that focuses on the detailed study of individuals to understand unique subjective experiences.
个案研究取向 – 一种聚焦于个体的详细研究，以理解独特主观体验的方法。
Nomothetic approach – a research method that aims to establish general laws or principles applicable to large groups of people.
通则研究取向 – 旨在建立可适用于大样本人群的普遍规律或原则的研究方法。
8. Schizophrenia | 精神分裂症
Schizophrenia – a severe mental disorder characterised by a profound disruption of cognition and emotion, affecting language, thought, perception, and sense of self.
精神分裂症 – 一种严重的精神障碍，特征为认知和情绪的严重紊乱，影响语言、思维、知觉和自我感。
Positive symptoms – symptoms that are an addition to normal functioning, such as hallucinations and delusions.
阳性症状 – 在正常功能之外额外出现的症状，如幻觉和妄想。
Negative symptoms – symptoms that involve a loss of usual functioning, such as avolition (lack of motivation) and speech poverty (alogia).
阴性症状 – 涉及正常功能丧失的症状，如意志力减退和言语贫乏。
Dopamine hypothesis – the theory that schizophrenia is associated with increased dopamine activity in subcortical areas of the brain or hypodopaminergia in cortical areas.
多巴胺假说 – 认为精神分裂症与大脑皮层下区域多巴胺活动过度或皮层区域多巴胺功能低下有关的理论。
Atypical antipsychotics – newer drugs used to treat schizophrenia that act on dopamine D₂ receptors as well as serotonin receptors, producing fewer motor side effects.
非典型抗精神病药 – 治疗精神分裂症的新型药物，作用于多巴胺 D₂ 受体和血清素受体，运动副作用较少。
Cognitive deficits – dysfunctions in attention, memory, executive function, and theory of mind commonly seen in individuals with schizophrenia.
认知缺陷 – 精神分裂症患者常见的注意、记忆、执行功能和心理理论方面的功能障碍。
Family dysfunction – the explanation that high expressed emotion (hostility, criticism, over-involvement) and communication deviance in families can contribute to relapse in schizophrenia.
家庭功能失调 – 解释为家庭中的高情感表达（敌意、批评、过度卷入）和交流偏差可导致精神分裂症复发。
Token economy – a behavioural management technique based on operant conditioning, where desirable behaviours are reinforced with secondary reinforcers (tokens) that can be exchanged for rewards.
代币经济 – 基于操作条件反射的行为管理技术，用次级强化物（代币）强化理想行为，代币可换取奖励。
CBTp (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for psychosis) – a talking therapy that helps patients identify and modify irrational thoughts and develop coping strategies for distress.
精神病认知行为疗法 – 一种谈话疗法，帮助患者识别并修正非理性思维，发展应对困扰的策略。
Comorbidity – the occurrence of two or more conditions at the same time; e.g., schizophrenia often co-occurs with depression or substance abuse, complicating diagnosis.
共病 – 两种或多种障碍同时发生；如精神分裂症常与抑郁症或物质滥用共病，使诊断复杂化。
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