Year 12 OCR Physical Education: Key Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 12 OCR 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 OCR Physical Education: Key Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 12 OCR 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the precise terminology is not only crucial for your OCR A-Level PE exams but also forms the foundation of your understanding of sport science. This quick reference guide breaks down the essential Year 12 terms into manageable chunks, providing memory aids and bilingual explanations to help you recall definitions faster and apply them accurately in your answers. Let's build your vocabulary toolkit for success.

精确掌握术语不仅对 OCR A-Level 体育考试至关重要，更是你理解体育科学的基础。本速记指南将 Year 12 的核心术语拆解成易于消化的模块，提供记忆口诀和中英双语解释，帮助你更快记住定义，并在答题时准确应用。让我们共同打造你的词汇工具箱，助你成功。

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1. Planes and Axes: Keys to Movement Analysis | 平面与轴：运动分析关键

Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves; movements in this plane are flexion and extension. The associated axis is the frontal axis, which runs left to right. Memory trick: "S for Sagittal, S for Side – cuts you sideways." Example: a bicep curl moves in the sagittal plane about the frontal axis.

矢状面将身体分为左右两半；该平面内的动作是屈和伸。关联轴是额状轴，从左向右穿行。记忆口诀："矢状的 S 既是 Sagittal 也是 Side (侧面)，像切面包一样切出左右。" 例如：肱二头肌弯举在矢状面上绕额状轴运动。

Frontal plane ion and adduction. It rotates around the sagittal axis, which runs front to back. Think of "Frontal plane = facing the front mirror, lifting arms sideways".

额状面将身体分为前侧与后侧；典型动作是外展和内收。它绕矢状轴旋转，矢状轴从前向后穿行。想象：面对镜子侧平举手臂，就是额状面运动。

Transverse plane splits the body into top and bottom halves; rotation is the key movement. Its axis is the longitudinal axis, running vertically through the body. Memory: "Transverse like a table top – twist your body horizontally."

横切面将身体分为上、下两半；关键动作是旋转。其轴为纵轴，垂直穿过身体。记忆："横切面如同桌面，水平旋转上半身。"

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2. Types of Muscle Contraction | 肌肉收缩类型

Isotonic concentric contraction g : the muscle shortens while generating tension, producing movement against a load. Example: the upward phase of a squat or bicep curl. Memory aid: "Concentric = Coming together – muscle fibres move closer."

等张向心收缩：肌肉在产生张力的同时缩短，推动负荷运动。例如深蹲上起或弯举上举阶段。记忆口诀："向心收缩 = 向中心靠拢，肌纤维聚拢缩短。"

Isotonic eccentric contraction icep curl. This contraction type causes most delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Memory: "Eccentric = Extending and elongating under control."

等张离心收缩：肌肉在张力下被拉长，通常起制动作用。例如弯举下放阶段。这类收缩是延迟性肌肉酸痛的主因。记忆口诀："离心 = 远离中心，肌纤维伸长。"

Isometric contraction mains unchanged, and no joint movement occurs. Example: holding a plank or wall sit. Think "Iso-metric = same length".

等长收缩：产生张力但肌肉长度不变，无关节动作。例如平板支撑或靠墙静蹲。记忆："等长 = 长度相等。"

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3. Muscle Fibre Types and Recruitment | 肌纤维类型与募集

Type I (slow oxidative) fibres : high myoglobin content, high capillary density, slow contraction speed, very fatigue resistant – ideal for endurance events. Memory: "Type I = one long marathon."

I 型 (慢缩红肌) 纤维：肌红蛋白高、毛细血管丰富、收缩慢、极耐疲劳，适合耐力项目。记忆："I 型 = 一个漫长的马拉松 (I for endurance)."

Type IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic) fibres rately fatigue resistant, used in events like 400 m. They can adapt with training. Memory: "IIa = intermediate adaptable athlete."

IIa 型 (快缩红肌) 纤维：收缩较快、抗疲劳性中等，用于 400 米等项目，可适应训练改变。记忆："IIa = 可调节的中间型。"

Type IIx (fast glycolytic) fibres ction, largest cross-sectional area, generate explosive power but fatigue quickly. Memory: "IIx = Xplosive but short-lived."

IIx 型 (快缩白肌) 纤维：收缩极快、横截面积大、爆发力强但易疲劳。记忆："IIx = Xplosive (像炸药) 但昙花一现。"

Henneman's size principle: motor units are recruited in order from smallest (Type I) to largest (Type IIx). Memory: "Hire small slow workers first before explosive giants."

亨尼曼大小原则：运动单位按照从小 (I型) 到大 (IIx型) 的顺序被募集。记忆："先招募小型慢工，再请出爆发巨人。"

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4. Energy Systems | 能量系统

ATP-PC (alactic) system: provides immediate energy for up to ~ of maximal effort, without oxygen or lactate. It uses stored phosphocreatine (PC). Memory: "ATP-PC = All the Power you Can for 10 sec."

ATP-PC (磷酸原) 系统：提供即刻能量，持续最多约10秒，无氧无乳酸。利用储存的磷酸肌酸 (PC)。记忆："ATP-PC = 全力输出 10 秒。"

Anaerobic glycolytic (lactic acid) system: produces ATP quickly for 60–90 seconds through incomplete breakdown of glucose, producing lactic acid. Memory: "Glycolytic = burning glucose without air, leaving a burn (lactate)."

无氧糖酵解 (乳酸) 系统：通过葡萄糖不完全分解快速产生 ATP，持续 60–90 秒，产生乳酸。记忆："糖酵解 = 无氧燃烧葡萄糖，留下灼烧感 (乳酸)。"

Aerobic system ielding high ATP totals. It involves the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Memory: "Aerobic = Air-obic, oxygen is essential, goes the distance."

有氧系统：约 3 分钟后开始主导，在线粒体中利用氧气分解碳水化合物和脂肪，ATP 总产量高。涉及克雷布斯循环和电子传递链。记忆："有氧 = 必须 '有' 氧，持久供能。"

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5. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Key Terms | 心血管与呼吸关键词

Cardiac output (Q) = heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV). Increases during exercise. Memory: "Q = How much blood your heart Queues out per minute."

Q = HR × SV

心输出量 (Q) = 心率 (HR) × 每搏输出量 (SV)。运动中升高。记忆："Q = 每分钟心脏 Queue 出的血量。"

Starling's law of the heart e : increased venous return stretches cardiac muscle fibres, leading to a more forceful contraction and thus increased stroke volume. Memory: "More blood in → stronger stretch → more blood pumped out."

施塔林心脏定律：回心血量增加会拉伸心肌纤维，使收缩更有力，从而加大每搏输出量。记忆："多进多出。"

Venous return mechanisms: skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and pocket valves work together to return blood to the heart. Memory: "Muscles squeeze, breathing sucks, valves prevent backflow."

静脉回流机制：骨骼肌泵、呼吸泵和静脉瓣协同将血液送回心脏。记忆："肌肉挤压、呼吸抽吸、瓣膜防逆。"

Minute ventilation (VE) l volume (TV) × breathing frequency (f). Tidal volume is the air moved per breath. Memory: "VE = Ventilating Every minute; TV = air per Trip."

VE = TV × f

每分通气量 (VE) = 潮气量 (TV) × 呼吸频率 (f)。潮气量是每次呼吸吸入或呼出的气体量。记忆："VE = 每分钟总通风量；TV = 每次 '旅程' 的气量。"

Gaseous exchange: relies on partial pressure gradients to diffuse oxygen from alveoli into blood and carbon dioxide from blood into alveoli. Memory: "O₂ moves where it's low, CO₂ where it's even lower."

气体交换：依赖分压梯度，使氧气从肺泡扩散入血，二氧化碳从血扩散入肺泡。记忆："O₂ 向低处走，CO₂ 向更低处流。"

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6. Skill Classification | 技能分类

Open vs closed skills: open skills are performed in unpredictable environments (e.g., a football pass); closed skills are in stable, predictable settings (e.g., a free throw in basketball). Memory: "Open skill – the door is open to the unexpected."

开放技能与闭锁技能：开放技能在不可预测的环境中执行 (如足球传球)；闭锁技能在稳定、可预知的环境中进行 (如篮球罚球)。记忆："开放技能 – 大门敞开，意外自来。"

Gross vs fine skills scle groups (running), fine skills require precision and small muscles (dart throw). Think "Gross = Grand movements."

粗大技能与精细技能：粗大技能动用大肌肉群 (跑步)；精细技能需要精准和小肌群 (掷飞镖)。记忆："Gross 即 '大块头' 动作。"

Discrete, serial and continuous skills: discrete has a clear start and finish (tennis serve); serial is a group of discrete skills strung together (gymnastics routine); continuous has no obvious beginning or end (cycling).

分立、序列与连续技能：分立技能有明确的开始和结束 (网球发球)；序列技能将多个分立技能串联 (体操套路)；连续技能无明显的起止 (骑行)。

Self-paced vs externally-paced skills: self-paced is controlled by the performer (high jump), externally-paced is dictated by environment (receiving a pass).

自定节奏与外部节奏技能：自定节奏由执行者控制 (跳高)，外部节奏由环境主导 (接传球)。

High vs low organisation: a high-organization skill has tightly linked sub-routines that cannot be easily separated (somersault); low-organisation skills have easily isolated parts (tennis serve can be practised part-by-part).

高组织与低组织技能：高组织技能的子程序紧密相连、难以拆分 (空翻)；低组织技能的各部分易于分离练习 (网球发球可分部训练)。

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7. Stages of Learning and Guidance | 学习阶段与指导

Cognitive stage ror, making many mistakes. Guide with clear demonstrations and simple verbal cues. Memory: "Cognitive = I think I can... but I can't yet."

认知阶段：初学者通过试误尝试理解任务，错误频发。适合用清晰示范和简单语言线索指导。记忆："认知阶段 = '我觉得我行' 但实际还不行。"

Associative stage s : the learner practises extensively, detects and eliminates errors; motor programmes develop. Feedback becomes more detailed. Memory: "Associative = connecting movement to feedback."

联结阶段：学习者大量练习，发现并纠正错误；运动程序逐步建立。反馈可更细致。记忆："联结阶段 = 将动作与反馈联系起来。"

Autonomous stage nimal conscious thought, allowing focus on tactics. Only small adjustments needed. Memory: "Autonomous = on autopilot."

自主阶段：技能达到自动化，几乎无需意识控制，可专注战术。仅需微调。记忆："自主 = 自动驾驶。"

Types of guidance: visual (demonstration), verbal (instructions), manual (physical support by coach), mechanical (use of apparatus, e.g., float in swimming). The "V-V-M-M" approach.

指导类型：视觉指导 (示范)、言语指导 (说明)、手工指导 (教练身体辅助)、机械指导 (使用器具，如游泳浮板)。可记为 "V·V·M·M"。

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8. Arousal, Anxiety and Performance | 唤醒、焦虑与表现

Drive theory ce; higher arousal leads to better performance of well-learned/dominant responses. Memory: "Drive = as arousal climbs, so does performance (for the expert)."

驱力理论：主张唤醒与表现呈线性关系；高唤醒可使熟练/自动化反应表现得更好。记忆："驱力 = 唤醒升、表现升 (对专家)。"

Inverted U hypothesis (Yerkes-Dodson): optimal performance occurs at moderate arousal; under- or over-arousal harms

Published by TutorHao | Year 12 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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