📚 Essential Terminology Memorisation Guide for Year 13 AQA Biology | Year 13 AQA生物核心术语速记指南
In Year 13 AQA Biology, a strong grasp of technical vocabulary can make the difference between a good and an excellent grade. This guide provides definitions, quick explanations, and memory aids for the most important terms across all topics – from genetics and evolution to nervous coordination and gene technologies.
在Year 13 AQA生物课程中，牢固掌握专业词汇往往决定了你能否拿到高分。本指南涵盖了遗传进化、神经协调、基因技术等各个主题的核心术语，并配有简明定义和记忆窍门。
1. Genetics & Inheritance Terminology | 遗传与遗传学术语
The language of genetics is precise. Misunderstanding a term like 'allele' or 'locus' can cost you marks on dihybrid crosses and pedigree analysis. Review these key concepts.
遗传学的语言非常精确。如果误解'等位基因'或'基因座'等术语，在双因子杂交和系谱分析题中就会丢分。请复习以下核心概念。
| Term | Definition | 中文解释 / 记忆窍门 |
|---|---|---|
| Allele | Alternative form of a gene at a specific locus. A diploid organism carries two alleles for each gene. | 等位基因：同一基因座上的不同基因形式。二倍体生物每个基因有两个等位基因。记法：allele = alternative. |
| Locus | The fixed position of a gene on a chromosome. | 基因座：基因在染色体上的固定位置。想到 'location'。 |
| Genotype | The genetic constitution of an organism – the combination of alleles it possesses. | 基因型：生物体的遗传组成，即所拥有的等位基因组合。常表示为 AA, Aa, aa。 |
| Phenotype | The observable or biochemical characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment. | 表现型：可观察的特征，由基因型与环境互作决定。关键词：外观 / 生化特征。 |
| Dominant / Recessive | A dominant allele is always expressed in the phenotype when present; a recessive allele is only expressed when two copies are present (homozygous). | 显性 / 隐性：显性等位基因在存在时总表现；隐性仅在纯合时表现。记：显性'遮盖'隐性。 |
| Codominant | Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of a heterozygote. | 共显性：杂合子中两个等位基因均完全表现，例如 AB 血型。 |
| Epistasis | Interaction between non-allelic genes where one gene masks or suppresses the expression of another. | 上位效应：非等位基因间的互作，一个基因掩盖另一基因的表达。常见比例 9:3:4 或 12:3:1。 |
2. Populations & Evolution Terminology | 种群与进化术语
Understanding how allele frequencies change over time is fundamental to evolutionary biology. These terms will help you tackle Hardy–Weinberg calculations and speciation questions.
理解等位基因频率随时间的变化是进化生物学的基石。掌握这些术语，你就能轻松应对哈迪-温伯格计算和物种形成问题。
| Term | Definition | 中文解释 / 记忆窍门 |
|---|---|---|
| Gene pool | The total collection of all alleles in a population at a given time. | 基因库：某时刻种群内全部等位基因的总和。想象成'基因水库'。 |
| Allele frequency | The relative proportion of a particular allele in the gene pool, usually expressed as a decimal or percentage. | 等位基因频率：某一等位基因在基因库中所占的比例，通常用小数或百分数表示。 |
| Hardy–Weinberg principle | mating population with no selection, mutation or gene flow. p + q = 1; p² + 2pq + q² = 1. | 哈迪-温伯格定律：在一个大的随机交配群体中，若无选择、突变和基因流动，等位基因与基因型频率世代不变。p + q = 1；p² + 2pq + q² = 1。 |
| Genetic drift | Random change in allele frequency due to chance events, most pronounced in small populations. | 遗传漂变：由于随机事件引起的等位基因频率变化，在小种群中效应显著。 |
| Bottleneck effect | A sharp reduction in population size leading to loss of genetic diversity and altered allele frequencies. | 瓶颈效应：种群数量急剧下降导致遗传多样性丧失和等位基因频率改变。 |
| Founder effect | Reduced genetic diversity when a new colony is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population. | 奠基者效应：少数个体建立新群体时，遗传多样性降低。 |
| Stabilising selection | Natural selection that favours the intermediate phenotypes and reduces variation. | 稳定化选择：自然选择偏向中间表型，减少变异。例如人类出生体重。 |
| Directional selection | Selection that favours one extreme phenotype, shifting the population mean. | 定向选择：偏向某一极端表型，种群平均值发生偏移。如抗生素耐药性。 |
| Allopatric speciation | Formation of new species due to geographical isolation preventing gene flow. | 异域物种形成：地理隔离阻断基因流而导致新物种形成。记：allo = 不同地方。 |
| Sympatric speciation | Speciation that occurs without geographical isolation, often through reproductive barriers within the same area. | 同域物种形成：无地理隔离的情况下，在同一地区通过生殖隔离形成新物种。 |
3. Energy Transfers: Photosynthesis & Respiration | 能量传递：光合作用与呼吸术语
Both photosynthesis and respiration are assessed in detail. You need to know the structures, molecules, and processes precisely.
光合作用与呼吸作用是考查重点。你必须准确掌握相关结构、分子和过程。
| Term | Definition | 中文解释 / 记忆窍门 |
|---|---|---|
| Thylakoid | Flattened membrane sac inside chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions occur. Stacks are called grana. | 类囊体：叶绿体内扁平的膜囊，光依赖反应的发生场所。堆叠成基粒 (granum, 复数 grana)。 |
| Photolysis | <
