📚 University of São Paulo (USP) | 圣保罗大学
The University of São Paulo, known in Portuguese as Universidade de São Paulo and universally abbreviated to USP, is Brazil's foremost academic institution and the largest comprehensive public university in Latin America. Founded in 1934 in Sao Paulo, the country's biggest city, it is famous locally and nationally for its academic depth, its outstanding teaching quality and its remarkable social reach.
圣保罗大学（Universidade de São Paulo，简称 USP）是巴西首屈一指的学术殿堂，也是拉丁美洲规模最大的综合性公立大学。学校于 1934 年正式成立，主校区坐落在巴西最大的城市圣保罗，在当地乃至全国都享有极高的声望和认可度。
This article reviews USP from both academic and practical angles: its history and campuses, its degree structure, how entry works, its research strength and facilities, its role in society and industry, its international networks, and the everyday realities of studying there. Original information about the university's founding, disciplines, faculty and cooperation is preserved and expanded throughout.
本文从学术与申请实务两个角度系统介绍 USP：历史沿革与校区布局、学位结构、入学方式、科研实力与硬件设施、社会与产业角色、国际合作网络，以及在校学习的真实体验。原文关于创校、学科、师资与合作的内容均予保留并加以扩展。
1. Founding and Historical Background | 创校背景与历史沿革
USP was not a slow evolution from a single college. It was created deliberately on 25 January 1934 by a decree of the Sao Paulo state government, which brought together several older and already prestigious professional schools into one university.
USP 并非由某一所学院缓慢演化而来，而是由圣保罗州政府于 1934 年 1 月 25 日以法令形式主动创建，把若干历史悠久、声望已高的专门学院整合为一所大学。
The founding components included the Law School of Largo de Sao Francisco (1827), the Polytechnic School (1893), the School of Medicine (1912) and the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (1901). By merging them, the state aimed to build a genuinely modern research university rather than a cluster of separate training institutes.
创始成员包括 Largo de Sao Francisco 法学院（1827 年）、理工学院（1893 年）、医学院（1912 年）以及 Luiz de Queiroz 农学院（1901 年）。通过合并这些院校，州政府希望建立的是一所真正意义上的现代研究型大学，而不是彼此分离的职业培训机构。
The intellectual core was the newly founded School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, where visiting French scholars such as Claude Levi-Strauss and Fernand Braudel taught in the 1930s. This European connection helped transplant a research-oriented model of teaching into a country where higher education had previously focused on professional qualifications.
学术核心是同期新设的哲学、科学与文学院，20 世纪 30 年代曾有 Claude Levi-Strauss、Fernand Braudel 等法国学者前来任教。这一欧洲渊源，把以研究为导向的教学模式移植到一个此前以职业资格培训为主的高等教育体系中。
From the 1960s onwards the main campus was consolidated in the Butanta district of Sao Paulo, and USP expanded into a multi-campus, mass-enrolment institution that nevertheless retained research as its central mission.
自 20 世纪 60 年代起，主校区逐步集中到圣保罗市 Butanta 区，USP 也随之扩展为多校区、大规模招生的大学，但研究始终是其核心使命。
2. Scale, Campuses and Structure | 规模、校区与组织结构
USP is a public university funded mainly by the state of Sao Paulo. It enrols roughly 98,000 students, of whom about 59,000 are undergraduates and around 30,000 are postgraduate researchers, supported by some 6,000 academic staff and a comparable number of technical and administrative employees.
USP 是一所主要由圣保罗州资助的公立大学，在校学生约 98,000 人，其中本科生约 59,000 人、研究生与研究人员约 30,000 人，配套的教研人员约 6,000 人，技术与行政人员数量与之相当。
The institution is divided into faculties, institutes and schools, each with considerable academic autonomy, all coordinated by a central administration headed by the rector. This structure allows a medical school, an engineering school and a music department to coexist within one legal and budgetary framework.
学校由各学院、研究所与专门学校组成，各单位拥有相当大的学术自主权，由以校长为首的中央行政体系统筹。正是这样的结构，使医学院、工学院与音乐系能够在同一法律与预算框架内并存。
The main campus, Cidade Universitaria Armando Salles de Oliveira, occupies about 3.7 km² in the Butanta area of Sao Paulo and contains most teaching buildings, laboratories and central services. Other campuses specialise in different fields, as the table below summarises.
主校区 Cidade Universitaria Armando Salles de Oliveira 位于圣保罗市 Butanta 区，占地约 3.7 km²，集中了大部分教学楼、实验室与中央服务设施。其余校区各有侧重，见下表概览。
| Campus 校区 | Main focus 主要特色 |
| Sao Paulo (Butanta) | Law, medicine, humanities, arts, mathematics, physics, chemistry, central administration 法学、医学、人文、艺术、数理化与中央行政 |
| Sao Carlos | Engineering, architecture, computer science 工程、建筑、计算机科学 |
| Ribeirao Preto | Medicine, nursing, dentistry, pharmaceutical sciences 医学、护理、牙科、药学 |
| Piracicaba | Agriculture and related sciences 农业及相关科学 |
| Pirassununga | Animal science, food engineering, veterinary medicine 动物科学、食品工程、兽医学 |
| Bauru | Dentistry and health sciences 牙科与健康科学 |
| Lorena | Engineering and applied chemistry 工程与应用化学 |
| Santos | Marine and coastal sciences 海洋与海岸科学 |
For applicants, the campus structure matters: the same university can offer very different daily environments, from a dense urban campus in Sao Paulo to smaller, field-oriented sites in the interior of the state.
对申请者而言，校区结构十分关键：同一所大学可以提供截然不同的日常环境，既有圣保罗市内的密集城市型校区，也有位于州内内陆、更贴近田野与产业的小型校区。
3. Academic Reputation and Rankings | 学术声誉与排名
USP is consistently identified as the strongest university in Brazil and usually as number one in Latin America. In global league tables it typically sits inside or close to the world top 100, and it is the only Brazilian institution that regularly reaches that band.
USP 长期被视为巴西最强大学，通常也是拉丁美洲排名第一的高校。在全球榜单中，它一般位于世界前 100 名之内或附近，也是巴西唯一能稳定进入这一区间的院校。
Three factors explain this position. First, research volume: USP produces a large share of Brazil's indexed scientific publications, commonly estimated at roughly one fifth to one quarter of the national total. Second, breadth: it covers almost every major field, so its output is not concentrated in one discipline. Third, reputation with employers, built on generations of graduates in medicine, law, engineering, science and public life.
这一位置可由三点解释。第一是科研体量：USP 贡献了巴西被收录科技论文的很大比例，通常估计约占全国总量的五分之一到四分之一。第二是学科广度：它几乎覆盖所有主要领域，产出并不集中于单一学科。第三是雇主声誉，这来自数十年间在医学、法学、工程、科学与公共事务领域毕业的校友群体。
It is worth noting that USP's reputation rests more on research and professional outcomes than on marketing. Its rankings are supported by concrete indicators such as citations per faculty, doctoral degrees awarded and international collaboration, which are discussed later in this article.
值得注意的是，USP 的声望更多建立在科研与职业表现之上，而非宣传。其排名由教师人均引用、博士学位授予数量、国际合作等具体指标支撑，后文将进一步讨论。
4. Degree Programmes and Disciplines | 学位项目与学科覆盖
As a comprehensive university, USP offers undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees across the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, medicine and health, law, education, agriculture and the arts. Its undergraduate portfolio contains well over one hundred programmes.
作为一所综合性大学，USP 在人文、社会科学、自然科学、工程技术、医学与健康、法学、教育学、农学以及艺术等领域开设本科、硕士及博士学位项目，本科专业数量远超一百个。
Undergraduate degrees are usually four to six years long. Medicine and some health and engineering programmes are the longest, while many humanities and science degrees follow a four-year structure with a strong core of compulsory courses and a final research or applied project.
本科学制通常为四至六年。医学及部分健康、工程类专业年限最长；许多人文学科与理科专业为四年制，包含较重的必修核心课程以及毕业研究或应用项目。
At postgraduate level, USP distinguishes between lato sensu specialisation courses, which are professionally oriented, and stricto sensu programmes leading to a master's or doctoral degree, which are research-based and supervised by a qualified advisor. The university offers several hundred such programmes, and the doctorate is the key qualification for an academic career in Brazil.
研究生阶段，USP 区分两类项目：以职业为导向的 lato sensu 专业进修课程，以及以研究为基础、由具备资格的导师指导、授予硕士或博士学位的 stricto sensu 学位项目。学校开设数百个此类项目，而在巴西，博士学位是从事学术职业的关键资质。
Interdisciplinary work is actively encouraged through institutes and centres that cut across traditional faculties, covering areas such as biotechnology, energy, neuroscience, advanced studies and environmental science. This is where USP's claim to train high-level talent through cross-disciplinary integration becomes concrete.
学校通过跨传统院系的研究所与中心积极推动交叉学科研究，涵盖生物技术、能源、神经科学、高等研究与环境科学等领域。USP 所谓"在多学科交叉融合中培养高水平人才"，正体现在这些平台上。
5. Admissions and Selection | 招生与选拔方式
Entry to undergraduate programmes is highly competitive and is decided mainly by the vestibular administered by FUVEST, a foundation linked to the university. The examination combines multiple-choice papers with written and subject-specific components, and it is widely regarded as one of the most demanding entrance systems in Brazil.
本科入学竞争极为激烈，主要依据由与学校相关的 FUVEST 基金会组织的入学考试（vestibular）。该考试由选择题与写作、学科专项部分组成，被公认为巴西要求最高的入学体系之一。
A smaller proportion of places is filled through the national secondary education examination, ENEM, used through the SiSU system. USP has also adopted affirmative-action policies, reserving part of its places for students from public schools and for self-declared Black, Brown and Indigenous candidates, with the aim of widening access.
另有较少比例的名额通过全国中等教育考试 ENEM 以及 SiSU 系统录取。USP 同时实行平权政策，为公立学校学生以及自我认定为黑人、混血与原住民身份的考生保留部分名额，以扩大入学机会。
Competition is uneven across fields. Medicine, law, civil engineering, architecture and psychology typically require the highest scores, while some science and agriculture programmes on interior campuses are less saturated. Applicants therefore need to check the cut-off scores of recent years for the specific programme and campus they intend to choose.
各专业竞争程度差异明显。医学、法学、土木工程、建筑学与心理学通常要求最高分数，而位于内陆校区的部分理科与农学专业竞争相对缓和。因此申请者应查阅目标专业与校区近年的录取分数线。
Postgraduate admission works differently: each programme sets its own rules, usually involving an entrance examination or written assessment, a research proposal, academic references, an interview and evidence of language ability in Portuguese, and often in English as well.
研究生招生规则不同：各项目自行设定标准，通常包括入学考试或笔试、研究计划书、学术推荐信、面试，以及葡萄牙语语言能力证明，很多时候还需提供英语能力证明。
6. Faculty and Research Output | 师资力量与科研产出
USP brings together a faculty body of around 6,000 academics, most of whom hold a doctoral degree, and many of whom are recognised internationally in their fields. Recruitment is by public competition, which makes academic positions stable and strongly merit-based.
USP 汇聚了约 6,000 名教研人员，其中绝大多数拥有博士学位，许多人在各自研究领域享有国际声誉。教师通过公开招聘竞争上岗，这使学术职位既稳定又高度依赖学术能力。
Research is funded through a combination of
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