📚 OCR Psychology Year 12 Key Terms Quick Guide | OCR 心理学 Year 12 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of psychology is half the battle in Year 12. This quick guide breaks down essential OCR AS terms into memorable chunks, linking each concept to a simple mental hook. By the end, you will have a toolkit to recall definitions, evaluations, and key studies with confidence.
掌握心理学术语是 Year 12 考试成功的一半。本速记指南将 OCR AS 核心词汇拆解成易于记忆的片段，每个概念都配上一个简单的记忆联想。读完本文，你将拥有一套可以自信回忆定义、评价和关键研究的工具箱。
1. Research Methods: The Basics | 研究方法基础术语
Research methods are the backbone of psychology. Think of the aim as the destination, the hypothesis as the predicted route, and the procedure as the step-by-step GPS. The independent variable (IV) is what you manipulate, and the dependent variable (DV) is what you measure. Use the mnemonic 'I Manipulate, D Measure' to remember IV and DV. A confederate is not a soldier but a fake participant working for the researcher.
研究方法是心理学的支柱。可以把研究目的想象成目的地，把假设想象成预测路线，把程序想象成分步导航。自变量（IV）是你操控的东西，因变量（DV）是你测量的东西。记住口诀“我控制自变量，我测量因变量（英语首字母 I 操控，D 测量）”。同谋者不是军人，而是为研究者工作的假被试。
Operationalisation means turning abstract ideas into measurable actions — like defining aggression as number of times a child hits a doll. Without it, replication is impossible. Standardisation ensures all participants get exactly the same experience, much like following a recipe in a cooking competition.
操作化是指把抽象概念转化为可测量的行动，比如把攻击性定义为孩子击打玩偶的次数。没有操作化，研究就无法重复。标准化确保所有被试获得完全相同的体验，就像烹饪比赛中严格遵循食谱一样。
2. Variables and Hypotheses | 变量与假设
ailed), and null. A directional hypothesis states the expected direction of results, e.g., 'caffeine increases reaction speed'. A non-directional one simply says 'there will be a difference'. The null hypothesis is the boring one — it claims any difference is due to chance. Remember: null = nothing meaningful happening.
假设主要有三种类型：方向性（单尾）、非方向性（双尾）和零假设。方向性假设说明结果的预期方向，比如“咖啡因会提高反应速度”。非方向性假设只说“会有差异”。零假设则很无趣，它声称任何差异都是偶然造成的。记住：零假设 = 没有意义的变化。
Extraneous variables are unwanted guests at the research party — they can mess up your DV. If they vary systematically with the IV, they become confounding variables and ruin internal validity. Think of participant variables like age or personality: if you do an independent groups design, these may play tricks on you.
额外变量是研究派对上的不速之客，它们会干扰因变量。如果它们随自变量系统变化，就会变成混淆变量，破坏内部效度。像年龄或人格这样的被试变量，如果你采用独立组设计，它们可能就会给你捣乱。
3. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
Independent groups design means different people in each condition — like two separate classes taking a maths test with or without music. Repeated measures design uses the same people for all conditions, which controls participant variables but risks order effects. Matched pairs design is like a dance: you pair up similar people and split them across conditions. Use the mnemonic 'In Repeated Measures, I Really Mind order effects' to remember the weakness.
独立组设计意味着每种条件下使用不同的人，就像两个独立的班级分别在有音乐和无音乐的环境中参加数学测试。重复测量设计对所有条件使用同一批人，这样控制了被试变量，但容易产生顺序效应。匹配对设计就像跳舞：你把相似的两个人配对，然后分别放到不同条件中。用英文口诀“在重复测量中，我真的很在意顺序效应”来记住它的弱点。
Counterbalancing is the remedy for order effects in repeated measures. Half the participants do condition A then B, half do B then A — simple as switching the order of starters and mains in a restaurant. Randomisation is another tool, ensuring unpredictable order, much like shuffling a deck of cards before a game.
对抗平衡是重复测量中应对顺序效应的方法。一半被试先做条件A再做B，另一半先B后A，就像在餐厅里调换前菜和主菜的上菜顺序一样简单。随机分配是另一种工具，确保顺序不可预测，就像打牌前洗牌一样。
4. Ethical Considerations | 伦理考量
Ethics in psychology are about protecting people. The British Psychological Society (BPS) code boils down to 'Can Do With Care': Consent, Deception, Withdrawal, and Confidentiality. Informed consent means participants know enough to agree; deception must be justified and followed by a thorough debrief. Right to withdraw means they can leave at any time without penalty, just like leaving a cinema if the film is too scary.
心理学伦理关乎保护人的权益。英国心理学会（BPS）的准则可以归结为“细心能做（C D W C）”：知情同意、欺骗、退出权利和保密。知情同意意味着被试充分了解情况后同意参与；欺骗必须有正当理由，并在事后进行彻底的解释说明。退出权利意味着他们可以随时离开而不受惩罚，就像电影太吓人时可以离开电影院一样。
Confidentiality keeps participants' data anonymous, often using codes instead of names. Protection from harm is the golden rule: researchers must ensure no psychological or physical damage. Remember the classic Milgram study — it faced ethical storms because of extreme stress caused to participants who thought they were giving electric shocks.
保密性要求匿名处理被试数据，通常使用代码代替姓名。保护免受伤害是黄金法则：研究者必须确保不会造成心理或生理损害。回想经典的米尔格拉姆研究，它因为让那些以为自己正在施加电击的被试承受了极大压力而引发了伦理争议。
5. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity is changing your behaviour or beliefs to fit a group, often due to informational social influence (wanting to be right) or normative social influence (wanting to be liked). Asch's line study showed the power of an unanimous majority — think of it as the 'everyone says so' effect. Obedience is following an authority figure's orders, as in Milgram's shock experiment. Remember the three Ds of obedience: Distance, Disposition, and Diffusion of responsibility.
从众是指改变行为或信念以融入群体，通常由信息性社会影响（想做出正确判断）或规范性社会影响（想被喜欢）驱动。阿希的线条研究展示了一致多数群体的力量，就像“大家都这么说”的效应。服从是听从权威人物的命令，如同米尔格拉姆的电击实验。记住服从的三个D：距离、个体倾向和责任扩散。
Locus of control (Rotter) explains why some people resist social influence. People with an internal locus believe they control their own destiny; externals blame luck or outside forces. Use the analogy of a video game: internal players think their skills win the game, externals say the controller is broken or the game is rigged.
控制点（罗特）解释了为什么有些人能抵抗社会影响。内控者相信命运由自己掌控；外控者则责怪运气或外部力量。用电子游戏来比喻：内控玩家认为自己的技能赢得了游戏，外控玩家会说手柄坏了或者游戏被操控了。
6. Memory: Multi-Store Model and Working Memory | 记忆：多储存模型与工作记忆
memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Sensory register holds information very briefly — r a phone number, you chunk it. Rehearsal is the librarian carrying books from STM to LTM.
多储存模型（阿特金森和谢夫林）就像一个拥有三个房间的图书馆：感觉登记、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。感觉登记极为短暂地保存信息——视觉图像记忆持续约0.5秒。短时记忆的容量有限，为7±2个组块；要记住电话号码，你会对数字进行组块化。复述就是图书管理员把书从短时记忆搬到长时记忆的过程。
Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model adds active components: the central executive (the boss), phonological loop (inner voice), visuo-spatial sketchpad (inner eye), and episodic buffer (recent addition that binds information). Think of a smartphone: the central executive is the CPU managing apps, the phonological loop handles voice notes, and the sketchpad is your photo gallery.
巴德利和希奇的工作记忆模型添加了主动成分：中央执行器（老板）、语音回路（内在声音）、视空间画板（内在眼睛）和情景缓冲器（近期新增的整合信息的成分）。用智能手机来类比：中央执行器是管理应用程序的CPU，语音回路处理语音留言，画板就是你的照片库。
7. Attachment: Types and Strange Situation | 依恋：类型与陌生情境
Attachment is the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation identified three main types: secure (happy to explore, upset when mother leaves, easily comforted on return), insecure-avoidant (ignores mother, indifferent), and insecure-resistant (clingy, hard to soothe). The mnemonic 'Stay, Avoid, Resist' spells SAR — think of a child in a lifeboat.
依恋是婴儿与照顾者之间的情感纽带。玛丽·安斯沃思的陌生情境技术识别出三种主要类型：安全型（乐于探索，母亲离开时不安，回来时容易得到安慰）、不安全-回避型（忽视母亲，冷漠）和不安全-反抗型（黏人，难以安抚）。用英文口诀“留下、回避、反抗”拼成SAR，想象救生艇上的孩子。
Bowlby's monotropic theory argued that one primary attachment, usually to the mother, forms an internal working model for future relationships. The critical period (first 2–3 years) is like a window where attachment must develop. Deprivation, or disruption of this bond, could lead to long-term consequences — a key idea tested by the 44 Thieves study.
鲍尔比的单因素理论认为，通常与母亲建立的单一主要依恋会成为未来人际关系的内部工作模型。关键期（最初2-3年）就像一扇窗口，在此期间必须形成依恋。剥夺，即这种纽带的断裂，可能导致长期后果——这个关键观点在44个小偷研究中得到了检验。
8. Biopsychology: Brain and Neurotransmitters | 生物心理学：大脑与神经递质
Neurons are the brain's messengers, transmitting signals electrically within the cell and chemically between cells at the synapse. The action potential is an all-or-nothing electrical spike — imagine a toilet flush, once triggered, it goes fully. Neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine are the chemical keys that unlock receptor sites on the next neuron. Remember 'SSRI' for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: they prevent the recycling of serotonin, leaving more in the synapse.
神经元是大脑的信使，在细胞内部以电信号传递信息，在细胞之间的突触处以化学信号传递。动作电位是一个全或无的电脉冲尖峰——想象一下马桶冲水，一旦触发，就一次性全部释放。像血清素和多巴胺这样的神经递质是解开下一个神经元受体的化学钥匙。记住SSRI（选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂）：它们阻止血清素的回收，让突触中留有更多血清素。
al lobe processes vision (the camera), and the temporal lobe deals with auditory info and memory. A clever way to recall: Frontal = future planning, Occipital = eyes (O for optic), Temporal = time and tunes.
功能定位指大脑不同区域各司其职。额叶负责思考和人格（CEO），枕叶处理视觉（摄像头），颞叶处理听觉信息和记忆。巧记方法：额叶 = 未来规划（Frontal - Future），枕叶 = 眼睛（Occipital - Optic），颞叶 = 时间与曲调（Temporal - Time and Tunes）。
9. Data Handling: Types of Data and Graphs | 数据处理：数据类型与图表
Data can be quantitative (numbers, like reaction time in ms) or qualitative (words, like interview transcripts). Primary data is collected first-hand; secondary data already exists, like government records. A scattergram shows correlations — the tighter the points cluster around a line, the stronger the relationship. Remember: a correlation coefficient of +0.8 is strong, -0.2 is weak, and 0 means no link.
数据可以是定量的（数字，如以毫秒为单位的反应时间）或定性的（文字，如访谈转录稿）。一手数据是直接收集的；二手数据已经存在，如政府记录。散点图显示相关关系——数据点越紧密地聚集在一条直线周围，关系就越强。记住：相关系数为+0.8表示强相关，-0.2表示弱相关，0表示无关。
(most frequent). The mean is sensitive to outliers, like a billionaire walking into a room — the average income skyrockets! u how spread out scores are, on average, from the mean. Smaller SD = more consistent data.
集中趋势量数包括均值（平均数）、中位数（中间分数）和众数（出现最频繁的分数）。均值对异常值敏感，就像一个亿万富翁走进房间，平均收入会暴涨！全距是最高分和最低分的差值，但标准差告诉你分数平均偏离均值的程度。标准差越小，数据越一致。
10. Inferential Statistics: Sign Test and Chi-Squared | 推断统计：符号检验与卡方检验
The sign test is the simplest statistical test, used for repeated measures or matched pairs when data is nominal (categories). It just counts the number of pluses and minuses — if the null hypothesis is true, the difference should be around zero. The calculated value (S) is compared to a critical value table. If S is equal to or less than the critical value, the result is significant (p < 0.05), meaning you can reject the null hypothesis.
符号检验是最简单的统计检验，用于重复测量或匹配对设计中名义（分类）数据的情境。它只计算正号和负号的个数——如果零假设成立，差异应该接近零。计算值（S）与临界值表进行比较。如果S等于或小于临界值，结果就显著（p < 0.05），意味着你可以拒绝零假设。
n an independent groups design. You compare observed frequencies with expected frequencies — the bigger the gap, the bigger the χ² value. A useful memory hook: Chi-square sounds like 'key square', and you need a big 'key' ant result. Always check the degrees of freedom (df) and the p ≤ 0.05 column in the table.
卡方检验（χ²）用于独立组设计中分类变量之间的关联检验。你将观察频数与期望频数进行比较——差距越大，χ²值越大。一个有用的记忆钩子：Chi-square听起来像“key square”（关键平方），你需要一把大“钥匙”才能解锁显著的结果。永远要在表中核对自由度（df）和p ≤ 0.05的那一列。
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