Year 12 AQA Chinese: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | Year 12 AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 12 AQA Chinese: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | Year 12 AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your pocket-sized companion for Year 12 AQA Chinese. In this handbook, we distil the most important grammatical patterns and structural rules into clear, reusable formulas. Think of each formula as a theorem – once you understand the underlying logic, you can generate countless correct sentences. Whether you are preparing for translation, writing or speaking, these reliable blueprints will help you avoid common mistakes and express yourself with confidence.

欢迎使用这本 Year 12 AQA 中文口袋速查手册。我们将最重要的语法模式和结构规则浓缩为清晰、可复用的公式。把每一条公式想象成一个定理 —— 在理解其内在逻辑之后，你就能生成无数正确的句子。无论你是在备考翻译、写作还是口语，这些可靠的蓝图都能帮助你避开常见错误，自信地表达自己。

1. Basic Word Order Formula | 基本语序公式

Chinese word order is remarkably consistent and can be captured by a simple formula. Unlike many European languages, Chinese does not use case endings or auxiliary verbs to mark grammatical roles. Instead, position in the sentence carries the meaning. The canonical formula is S + T + P + V + O (Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object). Time and place phrases always come before the verb, and they appear in that order – time first, then place. Modifiers precede what they modify.

汉语的语序非常稳定，可以用一条简单的公式概括。与许多欧洲语言不同，汉语不用格词尾或助动词来标记语法角色，而是靠句子中的位置来承载意义。基本公式是：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语（S + T + P + V + O）。时间和地点短语总是出现在动词之前，并且按先时间、后地点的顺序排列。修饰成分总是位于被修饰成分之前。

S + T + P + V + O

Example: Wŏ jīntiān zài toúshūguǎn xuěxí Zhōngwén. (I today at library study Chinese – I study Chinese at the library today.)

示例：我今天在图书馆学习中文。

2. 把-Construction Theorem | “把”字句定理

The 把-construction is a distinctive Chinese pattern used when an action is performed on a definite object, producing a change of state or a result. It shifts the object before the verb and highlights what happens to it. The formula is S + 把 + O + V + Complement/Result. You must always use a verb that can take a resultative ending or some kind of complement; a bare verb is not allowed. Mastering this theorem is crucial for AQA translation tasks.

“把”字句是汉语中一种独特的句式，用于对确定的对象施行动作并使其产生状态变化或结果。它把宾语提前到动词之前，突出强调宾语发生了什么变化。其公式为：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/结果。动词必须能够带结果补语或某种补语，不能单独使用一个光杆动词。掌握这个定理对 AQA 翻译题目至关重要。

S + 把 + O + V + Complement

Example: Tā bǎ kāfēi hē wán le. (She finished drinking the coffee.) / Qǐng bǎ kèbén dǎkāi. (Please open the textbook.)

示例：她把咖啡喝完了。/ 请把课本打开。

3. 被-Construction Theorem | “被”字句定理

The 被-construction is the Chinese passive voice. It is used when the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action, and the agent may or may not be stated. The canonical formula is Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement. In formal registers, 被 can be replaced by 给, 叫 or 让 in colloquial speech, but 被 remains the safest choice for AQA written work. Note that the verb must still be accompanied by a complement or particle; a bare verb sounds incomplete.

“被”字句是汉语的被动句式。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时使用，施事者可以出现也可以省略。基本公式是：承受者 + 被（+ 施事）+ 动词 + 补语。在正式语体中，“被”是最安全的选择，口语中可能用“给、叫、让”替换，但在 AQA 书面表达中建议使用“被”。同样，动词必须带有补语或助词，不能以光杆动词结尾。

Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + V + Complement

Example: Wǒ de shǒujī bèi (māo) nòng diào le. (My mobile phone was knocked down by the cat.)

示例：我的手机被（猫）弄掉了。

4. Complement Formulas | 补语公式

Complements are attached directly after verbs or adjectives to indicate result, direction, degree, or possibility. They are vital for natural-sounding Chinese. Three core complement types form predictable formulas. (1) Resultative complement: V + Result (e.g. kàn wán - finish reading). (2) Directional complement: V + 来/去 (lái/qù) for simple direction, or V + 起来/上去/回来 etc. for compound direction. (3) Potential complement: V + 得/不 + Result/Direction to express ability or inability to achieve the result. These formulas allow you to turn simple actions into precise expressions.

补语直接附着在动词或形容词之后，表示结果、方向、程度或可能性。它们是让汉语听起来自然的关键。三类核心补语构成可预测的公式：（1）结果补语：动词 + 结果（如“看完”）。（2）趋向补语：动词 + 来/去 表示简单趋向，或动词 + 起来/上去/回来 等复合趋向。（3）可能补语：动词 + 得/不 + 结果/趋向，用来表达能够或不能达成结果。这些公式能让简单的动作变成精准的表达。

Result: V + Result
Direction: V + 来/去；V + 上/下/进/出/回/过/起 + 来/去
Potential: V + 得/不 + Complement

Example: Tā kànwán nà běn shū le. (He finished reading that book.) / Tā ná bù qǐlái zhège xiāngzi. (He cannot lift this box.)

示例：他看完了那本书。/ 他拿不起来这个箱子。

5. Aspect Markers 了、着、过 | 动态助词定理

Aspect markers in Chinese describe the state of an action rather than its tense. The three most frequent markers are 了 (le) for completed action or change of state, 着 (zhe) for continuous state or ongoing action, and 过 (guo) for past experience. Their positions are governed by specific formulas. Completed action 了 usually follows the verb but precedes the object if no complement is present: S + V + 了 + O. Change-of-state 了 appears at the very end of the sentence: S + V + O + 了. 着 follows the verb: V + 着 (+ O). 过 also follows the verb: V + 过 (+ O). Do not insert them between a verb and its complement.

汉语的动态助词描述动作的状态，而非时态。最常见的三个助词是“了”表示动作完成或状态变化，“着”表示持续状态或进行中的动作，“过”表示过去的经历。它们的位置遵循特定的公式。表动作完成的“了”通常紧跟在动词之后，但如果宾语出现且没有补语，用“S + V + 了 + O”。表状态变化的“了”放在句子末尾：“S + V + O + 了”。“着”紧跟在动词之后：“V + 着（+ O）”。“过”同样紧跟动词：“V + 过（+ O）”。不要把动态助词插在动词和它的补语之间。

Completed action: S + V + 了 + O
Change of state: S + V + O + 了
Continuous state: S + V + 着 (+ O)
Experience: S + V + 过 (+ O)

Example: Wǒ chī le zǎofàn. (I ate breakfast.) / Tiān lěng le. (It has turned cold.) / Mén kāizhe. (The door is open.) / Tā qùguo Běijīng. (He has been to Beijing.)

示例：我吃了早饭。/ 天冷了。/ 门开着。/ 他去过北京。

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6. Comparison Structures | 比较句式公式

Comparisons in Chinese follow strict patterns that differ markedly from English. The main formula for “A is more ... than B” is A + 比 + B + Adjective. Degree modifiers like 很 or 非常 cannot appear before the adjective in this structure; instead, use 一点儿, 多了 or 得多 after the adjective to indicate degree of difference. For equality, use A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + Adjective. For negative comparison “not as ... as”, use A + 没有 + B (+ 这么/那么) + Adjective. Other useful comparison-like patterns include 越来越 (more and more) and 越……越…… (the more ..., the more ...).

汉语中的比较句遵循严格的模式，与英语差异明显。“A 比 B 更……”的主要公式是：A + 比 + B + 形容词。在这个结构中，程度副词如“很、非常”不能出现在形容词前面；要在形容词后使用“一点儿、多了、得多”来表示差异的程度。平比句用“A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + 形容词”。否定比较用“A + 没有 + B (+ 这么/那么) + 形容词”。其他常见比较式还包括“越来越”和“越……越……”。

Superiority: A + 比 + B + Adj (+ 一点儿/多了/得多)
Equality: A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 + Adj
Inferiority: A + 没有 + B (+ 这么/那么) + Adj
Change: 越来越 + Adj
Correlative: 越 + V + 越 + Adj/V

Example: Jīntiān bǐ zuótiān rè duōle. (Today is much hotter than yesterday.) / Tā pǎode yuèláiyuè kuài le. (He is running faster and faster.)

示例：今天比昨天热多了。/ 他跑得越来越快了。

7. 是……的 Emphasis Structure | 是……的强调结构

When the speaker wishes to highlight the time, place, manner or agent of a completed action, the 是……的 structure is the appropriate tool. It is not a general past tense marker, but a focus device. The formula places 是 directly before the element being emphasized, and 的 closes the clause, often before the object. You may translate this as “It was ... that ...”. Remember that 是 can be omitted in conversational Chinese, but the 的 remains. Do not use this structure for a simple past event without particular focus, as that would sound unnatural.

当说话者想要强调一个已完成动作的时间、地点、方式或施事时，就应当使用“是……的”结构。它不是一个通用的过去时态标记，而是一种聚焦手段。公式是把“是”直接放在被强调的成分之前，用“的”收尾，通常出现在宾语之前。可理解为“是……的”相当于英语的“It was ... that ...”。要记住，口语中“是”可以省略，但“的”必须保留。不要在没有特别聚焦的普通过去事件中使用这个结构，否则会显得不自然。

S + 是 + [Time/Place/Manner/Agent] + V + 的 (+ O)

Example: Wǒ shì qùnián xué de Zhōngwén. (It was last year that I started learning Chinese.) / Nǐ shì zěnme lái de? (How did you come?)

示例：我是去年学的中文。/ 你是怎么来的？

8. Serial Verbs and Pivotal Constructions | 连动句与兼语句

Two verb-phrase patterns extend Chinese expressive power without subordinators. (1) Serial verb construction: S + VP₁ + VP₂, where VP₁ and VP₂ share the same subject and express purpose, manner, or sequential actions. A typical formula for purpose is S + 去/来 + Place + V + O. (2) Pivotal construction: S₁ + V₁ + O₁ (S₂) + V₂ + O₂, where the object of V₁ is simultaneously the subject of V₂. Common pivotal verbs include 请, 叫, 让, 使, 劝. These patterns appear frequently in AQA reading and translation papers.

有两种双动词结构可以在不使用从属连词的情况下扩展汉语的表达力。（1）连动句：S + VP₁ + VP₂，两个动词短语共享同一个主语，表示目的、方式或先后动作。表目的的典型公式为 S + 去/来 + 地点 + V + O。（2）兼语句：S₁ + V₁ + O₁ (S₂) + V₂ + O₂，其中 V₁ 的宾语同时充当 V₂ 的主语。常见的兼语动词包括“请、叫、让、使、劝”。这两种模式在 AQA 阅读和翻译试卷中出现频率很高。

Serial: S + 去/来 + Place + V + O (purpose)
Pivotal: S₁ + 请/叫/让 + O₁ (S₂) + V₂ + O₂

Example: Míngtiān wǒ qù chāoshì mǎi shuǐguǒ. (Tomorrow I will go to the supermarket to buy fruit.) / Māma ràng wǒ xiě zuòyè. (Mum makes me do my homework.)

示例：明天我去超市买水果。/ 妈妈让我写作业。

9. Modifier Order Rules | 修饰语顺序规则

Chinese modifiers always precede the noun, but when several modifiers pile up, their order must follow a fixed sequence. The rule is: Possessive + Demonstrative + Number/Measure word + Adjective + (的) + Noun. The particle 的 usually attaches after multi-syllable adjectives or phrases, but can be omitted with monosyllabic adjectives to form a tight unit. Similarly, adverbial modifiers before a verb follow the order: Time + Manner + Place + Instrument + Verb. Systematic application of these formulas prevents clumsy clause ordering in your writing.

汉语的修饰语总是放在名词之前，但当多个修饰语叠加时，顺序必须遵循固定规则。规律是：领属 + 指示代词 + 数量短语 + 形容词 +（的）+ 名词。助词“的”通常加在多音节形容词或短语之后，单音节形容词与名词结合紧密时常常省略“的”。同样，动词前的状语修饰语遵循时间 + 方式 + 地点 + 工具 + 动词的顺序。系统地运用这些公式可以防止写作中出现笨拙的语序排列。

Noun phrase: Possessive + Demonstrative + Numeral-MW + Adj + 的 + N
Adverbial order: Time + Manner + Place + Instrument + V

Example: Wǒ nà sān běn yǒuqude Zhōngwén shū (those three interesting Chinese books of mine) / Tā měitiān zài yínháng yòng qiānbǐ tián biǎogé. (She fills in forms with a pencil at the bank every day.)

示例：我那三本有趣的中文书 / 她每天在银行用铅笔填表格。

10. Fixed Collocations and Connectors | 固定搭配与关联词语

Certain paired conjunctions and set phrases function as structural theorems in complex sentences. They signal logical relationships such as condition (如果……就……), contrast (虽然……但是……), cause and effect (因为……所以……), and concession (即使……也……). When using these paired connectors, the first element can often be omitted in spoken Chinese, but for formal AQA writing, retaining both makes your logic explicit. Also, memorise formulaic expressions like 对……感兴趣 (be interested in) and 除了……以外 (apart from) as fixed templates.

一些成对的连词和固定短语在复句中起着结构定理般的作用。它们标示条件（如果……就……）、转折（虽然……但是……）、因果（因为……所以……）和让步（即使……也……）等逻辑关系。使用这些配对关联词时，口语中前一个成分常常可以省略，但在 AQA 正式写作中，保留两者能使逻辑更加显豁。同时，也要将“对……感兴趣”“除了……以外”等固定框架当作模板记牢。

Condition: 如果/要是 + S + V，S + 就 + V
Contrast: 虽然 + S + V，但是 + S + V
Cause–effect: 因为 + S + V，所以 + S + V
Concession: 即使 + S + V，S + 也 + V
Formulaic: S + 对 + O + 感兴趣 / 除了 + O + 以外，S + 还/也 + V

Example: Suīrán xià yǔ, dànshì tā háishì qùle. (Although it was raining, he still went.) / Wǒ duì zhōngguó lìshǐ gǎn xìngqù. (I am interested in Chinese history.)

示例：虽然下雨，但是他还是去了。/ 我对中国历史感兴趣。

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