📚 Year 12 CAIE Law: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CAIE 法律：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering legal terminology is half the battle in CAIE AS Law. This guide breaks down essential Latin phrases, criminal concepts and tort/contract jargon into bite‑sized pairs, each with a memory hook, so you can recall them fast under exam pressure.
在 CAIE AS 法律中，掌握法律术语就等于打赢了一半的战斗。这份指南将必备的拉丁短语、刑法概念以及侵权/合同法术语拆解为易懂的中英对照，并为每个术语配上一个记忆钩子，帮助你在考试压力下快速回忆。
1. Actus Reus & Mens Rea | 犯罪行为与犯罪意图
Actus Reus refers to the guilty act – the physical element of a crime. Think 'Act' = action. It can be an act, an omission, or a state of affairs.
Actus Reus（犯罪行为）指犯罪的客观行为要素。记住 'Act' 就是动作。它可以是作为、不作为或某种状态。
Mens Rea is the guilty mind – the mental element. The 'Mens' part sounds like 'mental'. Together, a crime usually requires both: 'An act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty.'
Mens Rea（犯罪意图）是主观心理要素。'Mens' 听起来像 'mental'（精神的）。通常犯罪必须同时具备两者：'仅有行为不足以定罪，除非心态同样有罪'。
2. Strict Liability | 严格责任
Offences where the prosecution does not need to prove mens rea for at least one element of the actus reus. Usually regulatory crimes, like selling alcohol to a minor.
对于犯罪行为的至少一个要素，控方无需证明犯罪意图的罪行。通常是监管性犯罪，例如向未成年人售酒。
Memory hook: 'Strict' means strict – no need to look into the mind. If the act is done, you are liable.
记忆钩子：'严格' 意味着严格——无需探究内心。只要行为成立，你就负有责任。
3. Omissions | 不作为
Generally, there is no liability for failing to act unless a duty to act exists. The six duty situations: statutory duty, contractual duty, relationship, voluntary assumption, creating a dangerous situation, and public office.
一般原则是对不作为不承担责任，除非存在作为义务。六种产生义务的情形：法定义务、合同义务、关系义务、自愿承担、制造危险情形和公职义务。
Think 'Omission = Oh! Mission failed because you did nothing when you should have acted.'
联想：'Omission（不作为）= 哎呀！任务失败，因为你本该行动却什么都没做。'
4. Causation: Factual & Legal | 因果关系：事实与法律
Factual causation uses the 'but for' test: but for the defendant's act, would the result have occurred? If no, factual causation is established. (R v White)
事实因果关系采用 '若非' 检验法：若非被告的行为，结果会发生吗？若不会，则事实因果关系成立。（R v White 案）
Legal causation requires the defendant's act to be the operating and substantial cause of the harm. An intervening act (novus actus interveniens) may break the chain of causation.
法律因果关系要求被告的行为是损害起作用的且重大的原因。介入行为（novus actus interveniens）可能中断因果关系链。
Memory aid: 'Factual = the "but for" button; Legal = was it still a major link in the chain?'
记忆辅助：'事实 = "若非"按钮；法律 = 它仍是链条中的重要一环吗？'
5. Intention, Recklessness & Negligence | 故意、轻率与过失
| Term (术语) | Meaning (含义) | Memory Hook (记忆钩) |
|---|---|---|
| Direct Intention | Defendant desires the result (aim/purpose). | You aim the dart at the bullseye. |
| Oblique Intention | Result is a virtual certainty of defendant's actions and defendant realises this. | You didn't aim at the window, but you threw a brick towards it knowing it would smash. |
| Recklessness | Taking an unjustified risk, aware of the risk (R v Cunningham). | 'Wreck-less' – you see the danger but carry on, wrecking safety. |
| Negligence | Failure to meet the standard of a reasonable person. | 'Neglect' – you simply didn't take enough care. |
中文对照：直接故意 → 瞄准靶心的飞镖；间接故意 → 知道扔砖头几乎必然砸碎玻璃仍为之；轻率 → 明知风险却漠视；过失 → 未达到合理人标准，纯粹的疏忽。
6. Non-Fatal Offences: The Ladder | 非致命罪行：阶梯记忆法
Imagine a ladder of harm: from least to most serious – Assault (causing apprehension of force), Battery (applying unlawful force), Assault occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (ABH) (s.47 OAPA 1861), Malicious Wounding or Inflicting Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH) (s.20), and Wounding or Causing GBH with Intent (s.18).
想象伤害的阶梯：从最轻到最重——Assault (使他人担心即将遭受暴力)、Battery (非法施加暴力)、实际身体伤害 (ABH) (1861年《侵犯人身法》第47条)、恶意伤害或造成严重身体伤害 (GBH) (第20条)、意图造成严重身体伤害的伤害 (第18条)。
Note: s.47 requires assault or battery plus resulting ABH; s.20 requires a wounding or GBH, with mens rea of intention or recklessness as to some harm; s.18 requires a specific intent to cause GBH or resist arrest.
注意：第47条要求存在 assault 或 battery 并导致 ABH；第20条要求伤害或 GBH，犯罪意图为对某些伤害的故意或轻率；第18条要求造成 GBH 的特定意图或抗拒逮捕。
7. Theft, Robbery & Burglary | 盗窃、抢劫与入室盗窃
- Theft (s.1 Theft Act 1968): Dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another with intention to permanently deprive.
- 盗窃（1968年《盗窃法》第1条）：不诚实地占有他人财产，并意图永久剥夺。
- Robbery (s.8): Theft plus force or threat of force immediately before or at the time of stealing.
- 抢劫（第8条）：盗窃加上在盗窃前或盗窃时立即使用暴力或威胁使用暴力。
- Burglary (s.9): Entering a building or part of a building as a trespasser with intent to commit theft, GBH, or unlawful damage (or having entered, committing theft/GBH).
- 入室盗窃（第9条）：作为侵入者进入建筑物或其一部分，意图实施盗窃、GBH 或非法损害（或进去后实施了盗窃/GBH）。
Mnemonic for theft: 'DAPPER' – Dishonesty, Appropriation, Property, Person (belonging to another), Intention to permanently deprive, Rights of the owner.
盗窃记忆口诀：'DAPPER' —— Dishonesty (不诚实)、Appropriation (占有)、Property (财产)、属于他人的 (Person)、永久剥夺的意图 (Intention)、所有人的权利 (Rights)。
8. Murder & Voluntary Manslaughter | 谋杀与自愿非预谋杀人
Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being under the Queen's peace with malice aforethought – meaning intention to kill or cause GBH.
谋杀是受女王和平保护下的非法杀人，具有恶意预谋——即杀人或造成 GBH 的意图。
Voluntary Manslaughter occurs when the defendant has the mens rea for murder but successfully raises a partial defence: Loss of Control (Coroners and Justice Act 2009) or Diminished Responsibility (Homicide Act 1957, as amended).
自愿非预谋杀人发生在被告具备谋杀意图但成功提出部分抗辩时：失控（2009年《验尸官与司法法》）或减轻责任（1957年《杀人法》修正案）。
Key difference: Loss of Control involves a qualifying trigger and a person of the same age and sex with normal tolerance might have reacted similarly; Diminished Responsibility requires abnormality of mental functioning arising from a recognised medical condition.
关键区别：失控抗辩要求存在符合资格的触发事件，且同龄同性别、正常容忍度的人可能有类似反应；减轻责任要求存在由公认医学状况引起的精神功能异常。
9. Involuntary Manslaughter | 非自愿非预谋杀人
This covers killings where the defendant lacks the mens rea for murder but is still criminally liable. Two main types: Unlawful Act Manslaughter (constructive manslaughter) and Gross Negligence Manslaughter.
这涵盖被告缺乏谋杀意图但仍构成刑事责任的杀人行为。两种主要类型：非法行为杀人（推定杀人）和严重过失杀人。
Unlawful Act Manslaughter test: (1) intentional unlawful act, (2) which is objectively dangerous, (3) which caused death. Memory: 'AUDI' – Act Unlawful, Dangerous, In fact caused death.
非法行为杀人检验标准：(1) 故意的非法行为，(2) 客观上具有危险性，(3) 导致死亡。记忆：'AUDI' —— 非法行为 (Act Unlawful)、危险的 (Dangerous)、实际导致死亡 (In fact caused death)。
Gross Negligence Manslaughter: (1) duty of care existed, (2) breach of that duty, (3) breach caused death, (4) risk of death was reasonably foreseeable, (5) breach was so gross as to be criminal. Think 'Deadly Breach'.
严重过失杀人：(1) 存在注意义务，(2) 违反该义务，(3) 违反导致死亡，(4) 死亡风险可合理预见，(5) 违反程度极其严重，构成刑事犯罪。联想 '致命违反'。
10. Tort of Negligence: The 'DBC' Formula | 侵权过失：'DBC' 公式
A successful negligence claim needs: Duty of Care, Breach of that duty, and Causation of damage. Established in Donoghue v Stevenson (neighbour principle) and refined by the Caparo three-stage test: foreseeability of damage, proximity, and it must be fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty.
过失索赔成功需满足：D 注意义务，B 违反该义务，C 造成损害。由 Donoghue v Stevenson 案确立（邻人原则），并由 Caparo 三阶段标准完善：损害可预见性、临近性，以及施加义务是公平、公正和合理的。
Breach is judged by the reasonable person test: would a reasonable person in the defendant's position have taken those precautions? Special standards apply for professionals (Bolam test), learners, and children.
违反义务采用合理人标准：处于被告位置的合理人是否会采取相关预防措施？专业人员适用 Bolam 标准，学习者和儿童另有特殊标准。
Damage must not be too remote: the type of damage must be reasonably foreseeable (The Wagon Mound). A thin-skull plaintiff rule means you must take your victim as you find them.
损害不能过于遥远：损害类型必须可合理预见（The Wagon Mound 案）。'薄头骨' 规则意味着你必须接受受害者的现状。
11. Contract Formation: O+A+C | 合同成立：要约 + 承诺 + 对价
A binding contract requires an offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations. An offer must be distinguished from an invitation to treat (e.g., goods on display – Pharmaceutical Society v Boots).
成立具有约束力的合同需要要约、承诺、对价和建立法律关系的意图。要约必须与要约邀请区分（例如摆放商品属于要约邀请——Pharmaceutical Society v Boots 案）。
Acceptance must be communicated, unless the postal rule applies (acceptance by letter is effective upon posting, not receipt – Adams v Lindsell). Consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate; past consideration is not good consideration.
承诺必须传达，除非适用邮政规则（信件承诺一经投递即生效，而非收到时——Adams v Lindsell 案）。对价必须充分但不必等同；过去的对价不构成有效对价。
Quick test: If a social arrangement says 'We'll share expenses', presume no legal intention. For commercial agreements, the presumption is the opposite.
快速检验：如果社交安排说'我们分摊费用'，推定没有法律意图。商事协议则推定具有法律意图。
12. Latin Phrases Every AS Candidate Must Know | AS 考生必记拉丁短语
- Actus reus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea: An act does not make a defendant guilty without a guilty mind.
- Actus reus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea: 无犯意之行为不构成犯罪。
- Novus actus interveniens: A new intervening act that breaks the chain of causation.
- Novus actus interveniens: 中断因果关系链的新介入行为。
- Obiter dicta (singular obiter dictum): 'Things said by the way' – non-binding remarks by a judge.
- Obiter dicta（单数 obiter dictum）：法官判词中的附带意见，不具约束力。
- Ratio decidendi: The legal reasoning for the decision – the binding precedent.
- Ratio decidendi：判决的法律论证——构成有约束力的先例。
- Res ipsa loquitur: 'The thing speaks for itself' – used in negligence when the accident's occurrence implies negligence.
- Res ipsa loquitur：'事实自证'——在过失侵权中，当事故发生本身即暗含过失时使用。
- Volenti non fit injuria: 'To a willing person, no injury is done' – a consent defence in tort.
- Volenti non fit injuria：'自愿者不受害'——侵权法中的同意抗辩。
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