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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM): A Complete Guide | 墨西哥国立自治大学：拉丁美洲的学术殿堂

2024-03-14 17:08 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM): A Complete Guide | 墨西哥国立自治大学：拉丁美洲的学术殿堂

UNAM is the leading university in Mexico and one of the oldest, largest and most influential higher-education institutions in Latin America. This guide walks through its history, its autonomy, its remarkable main campus, its academic structure, its research record, its international networks and its cultural life, and finishes with practical notes for international and A-Level students who are considering Mexico as a study destination.

墨西哥国立自治大学（Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México，简称 UNAM）是墨西哥首屈一指的高等学府，也是拉丁美洲历史最悠久、规模最大、影响力最深远的高等教育机构之一。本文将依次介绍它的历史沿革、自治传统、标志性主校区、学术架构、科研成绩、国际合作网络与校园文化，并在最后为有意赴墨求学的国际学生与 A-Level 学生提供实用的申请建议。

1. Foundations and Historical Roots | 建校渊源与历史沿革

UNAM's institutional lineage reaches back to 1551, when the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico was established in Mexico City by royal decree. That colonial university was closed in the nineteenth century, but its name, traditions and buildings fed into the modern institution created in 1910, when Justo Sierra, Mexico's minister of public instruction, merged the existing national schools of law, medicine, engineering and fine arts into a single national university. The opening was deliberately timed to coincide with the centenary of Mexican independence.

UNAM 的建制渊源可以追溯到 1551 年，当时墨西哥城依据王室敕令建立了“墨西哥皇家与宗座大学”。这所殖民地时期的大学在 19 世纪停办，但其名称、传统与建筑都融入了 1910 年诞生的现代大学：时任公共教育部长胡斯托·谢拉（Justo Sierra）把已有的国立法学院、医学院、工程学院与美术学院合并为一所国立大学，开学时间特意与墨西哥独立百年纪念相呼应。

Because the university was created as a national project rather than a private or religious one, it was expected from the start to serve the whole country, not a single city or social class. That founding idea still shapes its admissions policy, its free tuition, and its strong presence in public life.

由于这所大学自诞生起就是一项“国家工程”，而非私立或教会机构，它从一开始就被期待服务于整个国家，而不是某一座城市或某一个阶层。这一立校理念至今仍深刻影响着它的招生政策、免学费传统以及它在公共生活中的重要地位。

2. University Autonomy | 大学自治权的由来

Autonomy is not a decorative word at UNAM; it is the legal and political core of the institution. In 1929, after a sustained student movement, the university won the right to govern itself, to set its own curriculum and to manage its own budget and internal affairs without direct government interference. This autonomy was later written into Mexican law.

“自治”在 UNAM 绝非装饰性词汇，而是这所机构的法律与政治内核。1929 年，在持续的学生运动推动下，大学赢得了自我治理的权利：可以自主制定课程、自主管理预算与内部事务，不受政府直接干预。此后，自治权被写入墨西哥法律。

Autonomy also means that UNAM is funded largely by the federal government but not directed by it, and that the university community - academics, students and administrative staff - takes part in governing bodies. Debates over tuition, admissions and university reform have repeatedly become national debates, most famously in the long strike of 1999-2000, when a proposed fee increase was withdrawn after the campus was shut down for months.

自治也意味着 UNAM 主要由联邦政府拨款，却不受政府指挥，同时学术界、学生与行政人员都会参与治理机构。围绕学费、招生与大学改革的争论，常常升级为全国性议题；最著名的是 1999—2000 年的长期罢课，时任校长提出的涨学费方案在校园停摆数月后最终撤回。

3. Ciudad Universitaria: Campus and UNESCO Heritage | 大学城：校园与世界遗产

The main campus, Ciudad Universitaria (CU), lies on the lava fields of the Pedregal in the Coyoacán district of southern Mexico City. It was designed by a team led by Mario Pani and Enrique del Moral and inaugurated in 1952, integrating architecture, sculpture and painting in the tradition of the Mexican muralist movement.

主校区“大学城”（Ciudad Universitaria，简称 CU）位于墨西哥城南部科约阿坎区的佩德雷加尔火山岩地带，由马里奥·帕尼与恩里克·德尔莫拉尔领衔的团队设计，1952 年落成启用，把建筑、雕塑与绘画按墨西哥壁画运动的精神融为一体。

The Central Library is covered by Juan O'Gorman's mosaic murals, Diego Rivera's stone relief covers the Olympic Stadium, and David Alfaro Siqueiros painted the Rectoría tower. Because of this unity of art and architecture, Ciudad Universitaria was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2007.

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中央图书馆外墙覆盖着胡安·奥戈尔曼的马赛克壁画，奥林匹克体育场外壁是迭戈·里维拉的石雕浮雕，校长办公楼高塔则由大卫·阿尔法罗·西凯罗斯绘制壁画。正是这种艺术与建筑的统一，使大学城于 2007 年被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录。

The campus covers several square kilometres and contains an ecological reserve, the Espacio Escultórico, a botanical garden, sports facilities and museums. The Olympic Stadium hosted the athletics events of the 1968 Mexico City Olympics and is still the home ground of the university football club, the Pumas.

校园占地逾 7 km²，内有生态保护区、雕塑空间（Espacio Escultórico）、植物园、体育设施与博物馆。奥林匹克体育场曾承办 1968 年墨西哥城奥运会的田径比赛，至今仍是大学足球俱乐部“美洲狮”（Pumas）的主场。

1551 → 1910 → 1929 → 1952 → 2007

4. Academic Structure | 学术架构与院系设置

UNAM is a full-scale university with faculties, national schools, multidisciplinary campuses and research institutes. Undergraduate teaching is organised mainly in faculties such as Law, Medicine, Engineering, Chemistry, Architecture, Philosophy and Letters, Political and Social Sciences, Economics, Psychology, Sciences, Dentistry, Veterinary Medicine, Accounting and Administration, Arts and Design, Music and Nursing.

UNAM 是一所学科齐备的巨型大学，由学院（facultades）、国立学校、多学科校区与研究所构成。本科教学主要由法学院、医学院、工程学院、化学学院、建筑学院、哲学与文学院、政治与社会科学学院、经济学院、心理学院、理学院、牙医学院、兽医学院、会计与管理学院、艺术与设计学院、音乐学院与护理学院等承担。

Outside the main campus in Mexico City, five multidisciplinary units - the FES Acatlán, Aragón, Cuautitlán, Iztacala and Zaragoza - extend access to thousands of students who live far from the Pedregal. It also runs a large high-school system, made up of the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria and the Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, so that basic and higher education are linked within one institution.

在主校区之外，五个多学科校区——阿卡特兰（Acatlán）、阿拉贡（Aragón）、夸乌蒂特兰（Cuautitlán）、伊斯塔卡拉（Iztacala）与萨拉戈萨（Zaragoza）——让居住地远离佩德雷加尔的学生也能接受高等教育。学校还拥有庞大的高中系统，即国立预备学校（ENP）与科学与人文学院（CCH），使基础教育与高等教育在同一机构内衔接。

Key fact 关键信息Detail 具体内容
Founded 建校1910 (lineage to 1551) 1910 年，渊源可溯至 1551 年
Autonomy 自治Granted 1929 1929 年获得
Main campus 主校区Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 大学城，科约阿坎
Students 学生规模Over 350,000 at all levels 各学段合计逾 35 万人
Tuition 学费Essentially free for undergraduates 本科几乎免学费

5. Degree Programs and Admissions | 学位课程与招生制度

UNAM offers a very large portfolio of programmes: well over a hundred undergraduate degrees, plus hundreds of master's and doctoral programmes, many of them recognised by Mexico's National System of Postgraduate Studies. Undergraduate tuition is essentially free; students pay only small administrative and service fees, which is one reason demand is so high.

UNAM 提供极为丰富的课程体系：本科专业逾百个，硕士与博士项目数以百计，其中许多被纳入墨西哥国家研究生体系认证。本科几乎免学费，学生仅需缴纳少量行政与服务性费用，这也是申请竞争极其激烈的关键原因之一。

Entry to undergraduate study is competitive and centralised. Most applicants sit a multiple-choice selection examination, the Concurso de Selección, and places are allocated by score, with medicine, dentistry and psychology among the most oversubscribed. Students from UNAM's own high schools can enter through a regulated pathway (pase reglamentado) if they meet the required grades.

本科录取竞争激烈且高度集中化：多数申请者需参加选择题形式的选拔考试（Concurso de Selección），按分数分配名额，医学、牙医与心理学等专业超额报名最为严重。UNAM 自家高中系统的学生若成绩达标，则可通过“常规直升通道”（pase reglamentado）进入本科。