📚 Year 12 CAIE Sociology Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | 12年级CAIE社会学词汇术语速记指南
Memorising sociological terminology can feel overwhelming, but with structured categories and clever memory hooks you can turn abstract concepts into lasting knowledge. This guide covers the essential CAIE Year 12 vocabulary across socialisation, identity, theory, methods and key optional topics, pairing each term with a memorable cue and its Chinese equivalent to speed up your revision.
记忆社会学词汇可能让人头疼，但通过分类梳理和巧妙的记忆线索，你可以把抽象概念转化为持久的知识。这本速记指南涵盖了CAIE 12年级核心术语，横跨社会化、认同、理论、方法以及常见选修专题，每个术语都配有记忆提示和中文释义，帮你快速巩固考点。
1. Core Concepts: Norms, Values and Culture | 核心概念：规范、价值观与文化
Norms are unwritten rules of behaviour shared by members of a group or society. Remember 'norm' as 'normal' – what is considered standard and expected.
规范是群体或社会成员共享的不成文行为准则。把 'norm' 联想成 'normal'（正常的），它就是社会认定的标准行为。
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is desirable, good or important. Link 'value' to 'evaluation' – they guide our judgments of right and wrong.
价值观是关于什么是可欲、良善、重要的深层信念。把 'value' 与 'evaluation'（评估）联系，它主导着我们对是非对错的判断。
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a group, including language, norms, values, customs and material objects. Think of a 'cultivation' of shared patterns.
文化指一个群体整体的生活方式，包括语言、规范、价值观、习俗和物质产品。可以想象成共同模式的 "培育"（cultivation）。
Subculture is a group within mainstream culture that has distinct norms and values, e.g. youth subcultures. Prefix 'sub-' means 'under' or 'part of' the larger culture.
亚文化是主流文化内部具有独特规范与价值观的群体，例如青年亚文化。前缀 'sub-' 意味着 "在...之下" 或 "从属" 于大文化。
Cultural relativism means understanding a culture on its own terms rather than judging it by the standards of another. Flip 'ethnocentrism' – seeing one's own culture as central – to grasp its opposite.
文化相对主义指从文化自身的标准去理解它，而非用自己的文化尺度去评判。它与 "民族中心主义"（以自己的文化为中心）相对，对照记忆更牢固。
2. The Process of Socialisation | 社会化过程
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning the norms, values and behaviours appropriate in society. Picture 'social + isation' – making someone social.
社会化是学习社会所认可的规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。想象 'social'（社会的）加上 '-isation' 的过程，就是让人变得 "合群" 的过程。
Primary socialisation takes place in early childhood, mainly through the family. Key words: 'primary' = first, intimate, foundational.
初级社会化发生在幼儿期，主要通过家庭完成。关键词："初级" 即最先的、亲密的、奠基性的。
Secondary socialisation occurs later through agencies like education, peer groups, media and religion. Link 'secondary' to school – the second phase.
次级社会化随后通过教育、同辈群体、媒体、宗教等机构发生。把 "次级" 和学校（secondary school）联系起来，表示第二阶段的塑造。
Agencies of socialisation are the institutions that transmit culture. Remember the acronym 'FEMPR': Family, Education, Media, Peer group, Religion.
社会化机构是传递文化的组织。记住首字母缩略词 "FEMPR"：家庭、教育、媒体、同辈群体、宗教。
Informal social control is exercised through persuasion, ridicule, gossip; formal social control uses laws and official sanctions. 'Informal' = invisible fence; 'formal' = written rules.
非正式社会控制通过劝说、嘲笑、舆论等实施；正式社会控制使用法律和官方惩罚。"非正式" 类似无形的围栏；"正式" 则是明文规定。
3. Social Identity and the Self | 社会认同与自我
Identity is how we see ourselves and how others see us, linking the personal to the social. Think 'I-dentity' – the sense of 'I'.
认同/身份是自我认知与他人如何看待我们的结合，连接着个人与社会层面。抓住 'I'（我）这个核心，就是 "我之为我" 的感觉。
Ascribed status is fixed at birth or involuntarily acquired (e.g. sex, age); achieved status is earned through merit. 'Ascribed' = assigned; 'achieved' = accomplished.
先赋地位是与生俱来或非自愿获得的（如性别、年龄）；后致地位是通过努力赢得的。'Ascribed' 意为被指定的，'achieved' 意为完成的。
Role is the expected behaviour attached to a status. 'Role' sounds like 'role' in a play – you act out the part expected of you.
角色是附着在地位上的期望行为。'Role' 让人联想到戏剧中的 "角色"，你要按剧本演出。
Role conflict arises when the demands of two roles clash, e.g. being a worker and a parent. 'Conflict' = collision of expectations.
角色冲突在两个角色的要求相互矛盾时产生，例如工人与家长的角色。'Conflict' 意味着期待的碰撞。
Hybrid identity results from merging multiple cultural influences, common in globalised societies. 'Hybrid' mix = blended sense of self.
混合认同由多元文化影响融合而成，在全球化的社会中很常见。'Hybrid' 混合 = 混搭的自我感。
4. Sociological Perspectives at a Glance | 社会学理论速记
Functionalist thinkers (Durkheim, Parsons) see society as a system of interdependent parts working for stability – like the human body. Core analogy: organic analogy.
功能论者（涂尔干、帕森斯）将社会视为一个相互依赖的系统，各部分为稳定而运作——就像人体。核心类比：有机体类比。
Marxist ss views focus on class conflict between the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and proletariat (workers). Memory hook: 'Marx' = 'marks' of inequality.
马克思主义视角聚焦于资产阶级（统治阶级）与无产阶级（工人）之间的阶级冲突。记忆线索：'Marx' 发音像 'marks'（疤痕），象征不平等的烙印。
Feminist theories highlight gender inequality and patriarchy. Three key streams: liberal, radical and Marxist/socialist feminism. Think 'fem' + 'equalist'.
女性主义理论强调性别不平等和父权制。三大流派：自由派、激进派、马克思主义/社会主义女性主义。联想 'fem'（女性）+ 'equalist'（平等主义者）。
Interactionist perspective focuses on small-scale, daily interactions and the meanings people attach to them. Key phrase: 'labelling theory' – names stick.
互动论视角关注小规模日常互动以及人们赋予这些互动的意义。关键词："标签理论"——贴上标签，难以撕去。
Postmodernist approaches argue that society is fragmented, identities are fluid and meta-narratives have declined. 'Post-' = beyond the old certainties.
后现代主义观点认为社会是碎片化的，认同是流动的，宏大叙事已然衰落。'Post-' 意指超越旧的确定性。
5. Research Methods: Validity, Reliability and Representativeness | 研究方法：效度、信度与代表性
Validity is the extent to which research measures what it claims to measure – is the data truthful? Remember 'valid' = 'true' or 'sound'.
效度指研究在多大程度上测量了它声称要测量的东西——数据是否真实？记住 'valid' 就是 "有效/真实" 的意思。
Reliability concerns consistency: if you repeat the study, will you get the same results? Link 'reliable' to 'replicable' – repeat and get the same outcome.
信度关乎一致性：重复研究是否会得到相同结果？把 'reliable' 和 'replicable'（可复制的）联系起来，可重复即成信度。
Representativeness means the sample mirrors the target population. Think 'represent' – the sample should 'stand for' the bigger group.
代表性指样本能映照目标总体。联想 'represent'（代表）——样本要能 "代表" 更大的群体。
Objectivity is the absence of bias; the researcher remains neutral. 'Object' vs. 'subject' – stay with the object, not personal feelings.
客观性指无偏见，研究者保持中立。"客观"（object）相对于 "主观"（subject）——专注于对象本身，而非个人感受。
Quantitative data is numerical; qualitative data is descriptive. Quantity = numbers, Quality = words. A simple mnemonic.
定量数据是数值型的；定性数据是描述性的。数量（Quantity）对应数字，品质（Quality）对应文字，一个简单的记忆法。
6. Sampling and Ethical Issues | 抽样与伦理问题
Random sampling: every member of the population has an equal chance of selection. Imagine a lottery draw – fair and unbiased.
随机抽样：总体中每个成员被选中的概率相同。想象一次抽奖——公平无偏。
Stratified sampling divides the population into strata (e.g. age bands) and randomly selects within each. 'Strata' = layers.
分层抽样先将总体分成若干层（如年龄组），然后在各层内随机抽取。'Strata' 就是地层，按层取样。
Snowball sampling starts with one contact who suggests others – the sample 'snowballs'. Picture a rolling snowball gathering size.
滚雪球抽样从一个联系人开始，再由其推荐他人——样本像雪球越滚越大。脑海中出现滚动的雪球，体积不断增大。
Informed consent: participants must know the nature of the research and agree voluntarily. 'Informed' = knowing; 'consent' = say yes.
知情同意：参与者必须了解研究的性质并自愿同意。'Informed' 就是知情，'consent' 即同意。
Confidentiality means personal data is protected; anonymity means names are not used. Think 'confidential' like a sealed file, 'anonymous' like an unsigned letter.
保密指保护个人数据；匿名指不公开姓名。保密像密封的档案，匿名像未署名的信件。
7. Family and Household Structures | 家庭与家户结构
Nuclear family: two generations – parents and their dependent children – living together. 'Nuclear' = core unit, like the nucleus of an atom.
核心家庭：两代人——父母与他们的受抚养子女——共同居住。'Nuclear' 像原子核一样，是最小核心单元。
Extended family yond the nuclear family, either vertically (grandparents) or horizontally (aunts, uncles). 'Extended' = stretched out.
扩展家庭包括核心家庭之外的亲属，可以是垂直的（祖父母）或水平的（叔伯姨舅）。'Extended' 即延伸出去。
Reconstituted (blended) family: formed when one or both partners bring children from previous relationships. 'Reconstituted' = put together again, like re-mixing ingredients.
重组家庭（混合家庭）：当一方或双方带来前段关系中的子女时形成。'Reconstituted' 像重新组合配料的料理。
Symmetrical family me : roles of husband and wife become more similar and shared (Young and Willmott). Symmetry = mirror-image sharing of tasks.
对称家庭：夫妻角色越来越相似并共同分担（杨与威尔莫特）。对称即任务像镜像一样分担。
Dual burden: women carry out both paid work and the majority of domestic labour. Also called the 'double shift'. Picture carrying two heavy bags labelled 'job' and 'housework'.
双重负担：女性既要从事有偿工作又要承担大部分家务劳动，亦称 "双班制"。想象拎着两个沉重的袋子，一个标着 "工作"，一个标着 "家务"。
8. Education and Attainment | 教育术语速记
Material deprivation ing physical resources (poor housing, low income) that can affect educational achievement. 'Material' = money and things.
物质匮乏指缺乏物质资源（劣质住房、低收入），会影响学业成就。'Material' 即金钱与实物。
Cultural deprivation -class families lack the attitudes, language and knowledge valued by the education system. 'Cultural' = attitudes, values, language.
文化剥夺理论认为工人阶级家庭缺乏被教育系统看重的态度、语言和知识。'Cultural' 关乎态度、价值观与语言。
Cultural capital (Bourdieu): the non-material resources (tastes, qualifications, cultural knowledge) that give an advantage. Think 'capital' as assets you can invest to get ahead.
文化资本（布迪厄）：指能带来优势的非物质资源（品味、文凭、文化知识）。把 'capital' 想成可以投资增值的资产。
Labelling in schools: teachers attach labels to pupils (e.g. 'bright', 'troublemaker'), which can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. The label shapes behaviour to match the expectation.
标签：老师给学生贴标签（如 "聪明"、"麻烦制造者"），可能导致自我实现的预言。标签使行为向着标签期望的方向发展。
Anti-school subculture roup of students who reject school values, often as a response to labelling or low status. 'Anti-' = against, forming a rebel code.
反学校亚文化是一群拒绝学校价值观的学生，常是对低地位或被贴标签的回应。'Anti-' 即反对，形成一套叛逆守则。
9. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification is the hierarchy of social groups based on class, status or power. Visualise geological 'strata' – layers of rock, each with a different rank.
社会分层是基于阶级、地位或权力的社会群体的等级化排列。想想地质学中的 "岩层"，每一层代表不同的等级。
Life chances (Weber) refer to the opportunities individuals have to improve their quality of life. 'Life chances' = your ticket to a better future.
生活机会（韦伯）指个人改善生活质量的机会。'Life chances' 就像通往更好未来的门票。
Social mobility is movement between strata – upward, downward or horizontal. 'Mobility' = move up or down the ladder.
社会流动指阶层间的移动——上升、下降或水平流动。'Mobility' 即在阶梯上上下下的移动。
Absolute poverty is a severe lack of basic necessities (food, water, shelter); relative poverty is being poor compared to the average standard of living in a society. 'Absolute' = a rock-bottom standard; 'relative' = compared to others.
绝对贫困是严重缺乏基本必需品（食物、水、住所）；相对贫困是与所在社会的平均生活水平相比处于劣势。'Absolute' 是触底的标准；'Relative' 是相对于他人而言。
Meritocracy: a system where rewards and positions are based on talent and effort. 'Merit' + 'cracy' (rule) – rule by merit. Test it against reality: does education really work like this?
精英治理/功绩主义：基于才能与努力获得回报和地位的系统。'Merit'（功绩）+ 'cracy'（统治）——由功绩来统治。对比现实：教育真的如此运作吗？
10. Globalisation and Media Snippets | 全球化与媒体术语（选学）
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of societies in economic, cultural and political dimensions. 'Globe' + 'isation' – the world shrinking through networks.
全球化指社会在经济、文化和政治维度日益紧密的相互联系。'Globe'（地球）+ '-isation'，世界通过网络变得像村庄。
Cultural homogenisation cess whereby local cultures become more alike, often through global media and consumption. 'Homo-' = same; cultures blend into one.
文化同质化指地方文化变得更加相似的过程，常通过全球媒体与消费实现。'Homo-' 表示 "相同"，文化趋向单一。
Media representation means how social groups, events and issues are portrayed by the media. Ask: is the representation a reflection or a construction?
媒体表征指媒体如何呈现社会群体、事件与议题。要问：这是反映还是建构？
Moral panic (Cohen): an exaggerated public reaction to a perceived threat, amplified by the media. Think 'panic' – overblown fear often about youth or deviance.
道德恐慌（科恩）：公众对一种感知到的威胁的过度反应，由媒体放大。'Panic' 即恐慌——往往围绕青年或越轨行为的夸张恐惧。
Digital divide : the gap between those who have access to digital technology and the internet and those who do not. 'Divide' = chasm, not just a crack.
数字鸿沟：能接触到数字技术与互联网的人与无法接触者之间的差距。'Divide' 是鸿沟，不仅仅是小裂缝。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图