📚 Year 12 CAIE Computer Science: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CAIE 计算机科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering technical terminology is essential for success in CAIE Computer Science. This guide pairs high-yield terms with practical memorisation hooks to help you recall definitions quickly and accurately under exam conditions.
掌握科技术语是 CAIE 计算机科学考试成功的关键。本指南将高频术语与实用的记忆方法相结合，帮助你在考试中快速准确地回忆定义。
1. Data Representation Basics | 数据表示基础
Bit (b): The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing a binary value of 0 or 1. Think of 'bit' as a contraction of 'binary digit', so it can only hold two states.
比特：计算机中数据的最小单位，表示二进制值 0 或 1。记忆：bit 是 'binary digit' 的缩写，只能存储两种状态。
Byte (B): A group of 8 bits, commonly used to represent a character. Associate 'byte' with 'eight' – they rhyme, and a byte contains exactly eight bits.
字节：一组 8 个比特，常用来表示一个字符。联想：byte 与 eight 押韵，一个字节正好是 8 个比特。
Nibble: Half a byte, i.e. 4 bits. Mnemonic: a 'nibble' is a small bite, so it is half of a 'byte'.
半字节：一个字节的一半，即 4 个比特。记忆：nibble 是“小口咬”，字节咬一半就是 4 比特。
Denary (Base 10): The everyday number system we use, with digits 0–9. The prefix 'dec-' in 'decimal' means ten, just like 'decade'.
十进制：日常使用的数字系统，数码为 0–9。记忆：decimal 中的 'dec-' 表示十，正如 decade（十年）。
Hexadecimal (Base 16): A number system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F to represent values 10–15. Remember 'hex' means six and 'decimal' is ten, so six + ten = sixteen.
十六进制：使用 0–9 和 A–F 表示 10–15 的数字系统。记忆：hex 表示六，decimal 表示十，六加十等于十六。
2. Binary Arithmetic and Overflow | 二进制运算与溢出
y addition: Follows the rules 0+0=0, 1+0=1, 0+1=1, 1+1=0 carry 1. When carrying, imagine a 'full bucket' that spills over to the next column.
二进制加法：规则为 0+0=0，1+0=1，0+1=1，1+1=0 进 1。进位就像水桶装满后溢到下一列。
Overflow: Occurs when the result of an addition exceeds the capacity of the allocated number of bits. Think of it as a glass that is too small – water overflows because the container cannot hold it all.
溢出：当加法结果超出所分配比特数的容量时发生。可以想象杯子太小，水溢出是因为容器装不下全部。
Logical shift left: Moves all bits one place to the left, discarding the leftmost bit and filling the rightmost with 0. Each left shift doubles the value (multiplies by 2).
逻辑左移：将所有比特向左移动一位，丢弃最左位，最右位补 0。每左移一位，数值变为原来的两倍（乘以 2）。
Logical shift right: Moves bits right; each right shift halves the unsigned value (divides by 2). The cue: 'right' suggests 'reducing' or dividing the size.
逻辑右移：比特右移，每右移一位，无符号数值减半（除以 2）。提示：右移联想到数值“缩小”。
3. Character Encoding | 字符编码
nt 2⁷ = 128 characters, including English letters, digits, and control codes. Pronounce it 'ask-ee' to recall it asks for character data.
ASCII（美国信息交换标准代码）：7 比特字符集，可表示 2⁷ = 128 个字符，包括英文字母、数字和控制码。读音类似 'ask-ee'，提醒它“请求”字符数据。
cluding common symbols and accented letters. The extra bit doubles the range, so 2⁸ = 256.
扩展 ASCII：使用 8 比特（1 字节）提供 256 个字符，包含常用符号和重音字母。多一比特，范围翻倍，即 2⁸ = 256。
Unicode: A variable-length encoding standard designed to represent text in most of the world's writing systems. It often uses more bytes per character than ASCII. The prefix 'uni-' means one – one system to unify all characters.
Unicode：一种可变长度编码标准，旨在表示世界大多数书写系统的文字。每个字符通常比 ASCII 占用更多字节。记忆：前缀 'uni-' 表示“统一”，一个系统统一所有字符。
4. Sound and Image Representation | 声音与图像表示
Sampling (sound): Measuring the amplitude of an analogue sound wave at regular intervals. The sampling rate is the number of samples taken per second, measured in hertz (Hz). Imagine taking snapshots of a moving wave.
采样（声音）：以规则间隔测量模拟声波的振幅。采样率是每秒采集的样本数，单位为赫兹 (Hz)。可以想象给流动的波浪拍照。
value. A higher bit depth allows finer distinctions in loudness. More bits = more precise 'ruler' for measuring sound.
采样分辨率/位深度（声音）：用于存储每个振幅值的比特数。位深度越高，响度的区分越精细。比特越多，测量声音的“尺子”越精确。
Pixel: The smallest addressable element of a digital image. Short for 'picture element'. Each pixel stores colour information.
像素：数字图像中可寻址的最小单元，是 'picture element' 的缩写。每个像素存储颜色信息。
2 colours; 8 bits give 2⁸ = 256 colours; 24 bits (True Colour) yields millions of colours.
色彩深度：每个像素用来表示颜色的比特数。1 比特提供 2 种颜色；8 比特提供 2⁸ = 256 色；24 比特（真彩色）可达数百万种颜色。
5. Compression | 压缩
ta, often imperceptible to the human eye or ear. Examples: JPEG for images, MP3 for audio. 'Lossy' = you lose some original detail forever.
有损压缩：通过永久删除部分数据来减少文件大小，这些数据通常不易被人眼或人耳察觉。例如 JPEG（图像）、MP3（音频）。记忆：lossy 即“损失”原始细节。
original data; the original file can be perfectly reconstructed. Examples: PNG, ZIP. Think 'lossless' = nothing lost.
无损压缩：减少文件大小而不丢失任何原始数据，原始文件可以完整还原。例如 PNG、ZIP。记忆：lossless 即“零损失”。
Run Length Encoding (RLE): A simple lossless method that stores repeated data values as a single value and a count. For example, 'AAAA' becomes '4A'. The 'run' is the repeated sequence – just count and compress.
行程长度编码 (RLE)：一种简单的无损方法，将连续重复的数据存储为一个计数和一个值。例如 'AAAA' 变为 '4A'。'run' 即重复的序列——数一数然后压缩。
6. Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra | 逻辑门与布尔代数
AND gate: Output is 1 only if all inputs are 1. Mnemonic: you need both this AND that to be true.
与门：只有所有输入均为 1 时输出才为 1。记忆：必须满足这个“和”那个，结果才为真。
OR gate: Output is 1 if at least one input is 1. Think 'either this OR that is enough'.
或门：只要至少一个输入为 1，输出即为 1。联想：“这个或那个满足一个就够”。
NOT gate: Inverts the input (1 becomes 0, 0 becomes 1). Often called an inverter. 'NOT' simply negates what you have.
非门：将输入取反（1 变 0，0 变 1）。常被称作反相器。'NOT' 即取反。
s 0 only when all inputs are 1. It is the opposite of AND. Remember: NAND = NOT after AND.
与非门：与门后面接非门。仅当所有输入为 1 时输出为 0。记忆：NAND 就是 AND 的结果取反。
XOR gate (Exclusive OR): Output is 1 if exactly one input is 1 (inputs are different). 'Exclusive' means one alone, not both.
异或门 (XOR)：当恰好一个输入为 1（输入不同）时输出为 1。'Exclusive' 意味着只能一个，不能两个同时。
7. Computer Architecture: CPU | 计算机体系结构：中央处理器
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic and logical operations. The 'Maths Brain' of the CPU – it does the actual calculations and comparisons.
算术逻辑单元 (ALU)：执行算术和逻辑运算。CPU 的“数学大脑”，负责实际的计算和比较。
CU (Control Unit): Directs the flow of data and coordinates the activities of the CPU. It is the 'orchestra conductor' that tells other components what to do.
控制单元 (CU)：指挥数据流动并协调 CPU 各部件的活动。犹如“乐队指挥”，告诉其他部件做什么。
Registers – PC (Program Counter): Holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched. Think of it as a bookmark that points to the next line of code.
程序计数器 (PC)：保存下一条待提取指令的地址。把它想象成指向下一行代码的书签。
MAR (Memory Address Register): Stores the address of the memory location currently being accessed. 'Address' points where to go.
存储器地址寄存器 (MAR)：存储当前正在访问的内存地址。'Address' 就是指路。
MDR (Memory Data Register): Holds the data being read from or written to memory. 'Data' is what you actually fetch or store.
存储器数据寄存器 (MDR)：保存正从内存读取或写入内存的数据。'Data' 是实际取用或存储的内容。
CIR (Current Instruction Register): Contains the actual instruction being executed. Call it the 'command centre' – it holds the current order.
当前指令寄存器 (CIR)：存放正在执行的实际指令。可称作“指挥中心”——它持有当前的命令。
FDE Cycle (Fetch-Decode-Execute): The basic operational process of the CPU. Fetch the instruction, Decode it to understand, then Execute it. Think 'Follow – Detect – Enact'.
FDE 周期（取指-译码-执行）：CPU 的基本操作流程。取出指令，译码理解，然后执行。记忆口诀：“取 - 译 - 做”。
8. Buses and Memory | 总线与存储器
Address bus: Carries memory addresses from the CPU to other components. It is a one-way street – addresses only go out from the CPU. The width of the address bus determines the maximum addressable memory (e.g. 2ⁿ).
地址总线：从 CPU 向其他部件传送内存地址。这是一条单行道——地址只能由 CPU 发出。地址总线的宽度决定了可寻址内存的最大范围（如 2ⁿ）。
Data bus: Transports actual data between CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It is bidirectional. Visualise a two-way road carrying packages.
数据总线：在 CPU、内存和输入输出设备之间传输实际数据。它是双向的，可想象成双向车道运送包裹。
Control bus: Sends control signals (read, write, clock) to synchronise and direct operations. It is the 'traffic lights' of the computer.
控制总线：发送控制信号（读、写、时钟）以同步和指挥操作。它是计算机的“交通信号灯”。
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that stores data and instructions currently in use. 'Random' means any location can be accessed directly. When power is off, data disappears – like a whiteboard wiped clean.
RAM（随机存取存储器）：易失性存储器，存储当前使用的数据和指令。'Random' 表示任何位置都可直接访问。断电后数据消失，就像被擦干净的白板。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that retains data even when power is off; often stores firmware/BIOS. Read Only is a promise – data stays permanently.
ROM（只读存储器）：非易失性存储器，断电后仍能保留数据；常用于存储固件/BIOS。只读意味着数据永久驻留。
Cache: A small, high-speed memory inside or near the CPU that stores frequently-used data to speed up processing. 'Cache' sounds like 'cash' – quick money for quick access.
高速缓存：CPU 内部或附近的小型高速存储器，存放频繁使用的数据以加速处理。cache 读音类似 cash（现金），代表快速换取。
9. Input and Output Devices | 输入与输出设备
Sensor: A device that measures a physical quantity (temperature, light, pressure) and converts it into a signal. Think 'sense-ors' – they sense the environment.
传感器：测量物理量（温度、光线、压力）并将其转换为信号的设备。联想：sensor 就像“感知器”，感知外界环境。
Actuator: A device that converts an electrical signal into a physical action, such as a motor or solenoid. An actuator 'acts' on a signal, moving or controlling something.
执行器：将电信号转化为物理动作的设备，例如电机或电磁阀。actuator 对信号“采取行动”，驱动或控制物体。
electrical properties of the human skin; supports multi-touch. Capacitive = capacitor-like – your finger changes capacitance.
电容式触摸屏：通过人体皮肤的导电特性检测触摸，支持多点触控。电容式即像电容器——手指改变电容。
. It works with any object, not just fingers. Resistive = pressure brings layers together.
电阻式触摸屏：由两层柔性层组成，受压时接触导通。任何物体均可操作。电阻式即压力使两层接触。
10. Software and Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统
Operating System (OS): Software that manages hardware resources and provides services for application programs. It is the 'middleman' between user and hardware. Key functions: memory management, multitasking, file handling, security.
操作系统：管理硬件资源并为应用程序提供服务的软件。它是用户与硬件之间的“中间人”。主要功能：内存管理、多任务处理、文件管理、安全防护。
Utility software: Programmes designed to maintain or optimise a computer system, e.g. antivirus, backup, disk defragmentation. Think 'utility' as 'useful tools' for housekeeping.
实用工具软件：用于维护或优化计算机系统的程序，如杀毒、备份、磁盘碎片整理。联想：utility 就像家务的“实用工具”。
Interrupt: A signal to the CPU that requires immediate attention, temporarily halting the current process. It is like an urgent tap on the shoulder during a task.
中断：向 CPU 发出的需要立即处理的信号，暂时暂停当前进程。就像在忙碌时被轻拍肩膀的紧急事件。
ISR (Interrupt Service Routine): A special function that handles a specific interrupt. The 'routine' is the response script that the CPU executes when tapped.
中断服务程序 (ISR)：处理特定中断的特殊函数。中断一发生，CPU 便执行这段“响应流程”。
Round-robin scheduling: A CPU scheduling algorithm where each process is given a small time slice in turn. Imagine a circular table where everyone gets an equal turn.
轮转调度：一种 CPU 调度算法，每个进程轮流获得一小段时间片。想象一张圆桌，每个人依次获得均等发言时间。
11. Programming Concepts and Data Structures | 编程概念与数据结构
Variable: A named storage location in memory that can hold data whose value may change during execution. 'Vary'-able suggests its content can vary.
变量：内存中已命名的存储位置，其值可在程序执行期间改变。variable 暗示其内容可以变化。
Constant: Similar to a variable but its value is fixed and cannot be modified after definition. It remains 'constant' throughout the programme.
常量：类似变量，但其值在定义后固定，不可更改。constant 表示始终保持“恒定”。
Array: A data structure that holds a fixed number of elements of the same data type, accessed using an index. Picture a numbered row of lockers – each locker stores one item.
数组：一种存储固定数量、相同类型元素的数据结构，通过索引访问。想象一排编号的储物柜，每个格子存放一个项目。
Sequence – Selection – Iteration: The three basic programming constructs. Sequence: do steps in order. Selection: make choices (if-else). Iteration: repeat (loops). The acronym SSI might help you recall them in order.
顺序 – 选择 – 迭代：编程的三大基本结构。顺序：按步骤执行。选择：做决策 (if-else)。迭代：循环重复。可用首字母 SSI 帮助记忆顺序。
Record (or structure): A composite data type that groups related fields of different data types. Think of a patient record containing name, age, and ID – mixed types in one unit.
记录（或结构体）：一种复合数据类型，将不同类型但相关的字段组合在一起。想象一张病历，包含姓名、年龄和编号——不同类型合在一个单元。
12. Networks and Security | 网络与安全
LAN (Local Area Network): A network covering a small geographical area, typically one building. 'Local' points to your immediate surroundings.
局域网 (LAN)：覆盖较小地理区域的网络，通常在一栋建筑内。'Local' 意味着就近范围。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans large distances, connecting multiple LANs; the internet is the largest WAN. 'Wide' suggests worldwide reach.
广域网 (WAN)：横跨长距离、连接多个局域网的网络；互联网就是最大的广域网。'Wide' 表示广泛的覆盖。
MAC address: A unique hardware identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC). It is like a 'physical fingerprint' – fixed and hardly ever changes.
MAC 地址：分配给网络接口卡 (NIC) 的唯一硬件标识符。像“物理指纹”，固定且几乎不变。
IP address: A logical identifier assigned to a device on a network, which can change. Think 'Internet Place' address – it tells where a device is virtually located.
IP 地址：分配给网络上设备的逻辑标识符，可能变化。可记作“互联网位置”地址——表明设备虚拟位置。
Firewall: A security barrier that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic according to predetermined rules. It is a 'fireproof wall' protecting a network from dangerous traffic.
防火墙：根据预设规则监控和控制进出网络流量的安全屏障。如一道“防火墙壁”，阻挡危险流量。
Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext to protect data confidentiality. Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both locks; asymmetric uses a public/private key pair – one locks, the other unlocks, like a mailbox.
加密：将明文转换为密文以保护数据机密性的过程。对称加密用同一把钥匙“上锁和解锁”；非对称加密使用公钥/私钥对——一把锁箱，另一把开箱，如同信箱。
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