Year 12 AQA Psychology Glossary & Mnemonics Guide | AQA 心理学词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 12 AQA Psychology Glossary & Mnemonics Guide | AQA 心理学词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the vast terminology of Year 12 AQA Psychology can feel overwhelming. This bilingual revision guide breaks down key terms from every topic—Social Influence, Memory, Attachment, Psychopathology, Biopsychology, Approaches, and Research Methods—paired with simple Chinese translations and memory tricks to accelerate your learning. Use these glossaries and mnemonics to build a solid foundation for essays and exam answers.

掌握 Year 12 AQA 心理学的大量术语可能会令人不知所措。这本双语复习指南分解了每个主题的关键词汇——社会影响、记忆、依恋、精神病理学、生物心理学、流派和研究方法——并附有简洁的中文翻译和记忆技巧，助你加速学习。利用这些词汇表和记忆术为论文及考试答案打下坚实基础。

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1. Social Influence Glossary | 社会影响词汇表

AQA Social Influence covers conformity, obedience, resistance, minority influence, and social change. Remember that terminology is not just about definitions—examiners expect you to use these terms precisely in describing studies and theories.

AQA 社会影响涵盖从众、服从、抵制、少数人影响和社会变革。请记住，术语不仅仅关乎定义——考官希望你在描述研究和理论时精准使用这些词汇。

Conformity – A change in behaviour or belief to match a majority, caused by real or imagined group pressure. Kelman (1958) identified three types: compliance, identification, and internalisation.

从众 – 行为或信念的改变以迎合多数人，由真实或想象的群体压力引起。Kelman (1958) 区分了三种类型：依从、认同和内化。

Compliance – Surface-level conformity; publicly agreeing but privately disagreeing. It lasts only while the group is present. Memory aid: 'I comply to avoid standing out', like a nod you don't really mean.

依从 – 表层的从众；公开同意但私下不认可。仅在群体在场时持续。记忆法：'我依从是为了不显得突兀'，就像违心的点头。

Identification – Conforming to a role because we value membership of the group, changing both public and private behaviour temporarily. Think of soldiers adopting a regimental identity.

认同 – 因重视群体成员身份而顺从角色，暂时改变公开和私下行为。想想士兵认同团体的身份。

Internalisation – The deepest form of conformity; accepting the group's belief as your own, both publicly and privately, even when the group is absent. Mnemonics: 'Internalise = it becomes your internal truth'.

内化 – 最深层的从众；将群体的信念接纳为自己的，公开私下皆如此，即使群体不在场亦然。记忆：'内化 = 化为你内心的真理'。

Normative Social Influence (NSI) – Conforming to be liked, accepted, or to avoid rejection. Key in Asch's line study. NSI = Need to be Socially Included.

规范性社会影响 (NSI) – 为了被喜欢、被接纳或避免排斥而从众。是 Asch 线条研究的关键。NSI = 需要社交归属。

Informational Social Influence (ISI) – Conforming because we believe others have the right answer, especially in ambiguous situations. ISI = I Seek Information.

信息性社会影响 (ISI) – 因相信别人有正确答案而从众，尤其在情境模糊时。ISI = 我寻找信息。

Obedience – Following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram's electric shock study is the classic demonstration. Obedience differs from conformity because it involves a command, not implied pressure.

服从 – 听从权威人物的直接命令。Milgram 的电击研究是经典示范。服从与从众不同，因为它涉及明令，而非隐含压力。

Agentic State – A mindset where a person sees themselves as an agent carrying out someone else's wishes, thus feeling less personal responsibility. 'I was just following orders'.

代理状态 – 个体将自己视为执行他人意志的代理，因而感觉个人责任感降低的心态。'我只是奉命行事'。

Legitimacy of Authority – When a person is perceived to have the right to give orders due to their social role or uniform. Memory: 'Legitimate authority = a uniform and a title'.

权威合法性 – 因社会角色或制服而被认为有权发号施令。记忆：'合法权威 = 一套制服与一个头衔'。

Locus of Control (Rotter) – Internal locus (you believe you control your own life) vs external (fate, luck, powerful others). High internal locus helps resist conformity and obedience.

控制点 (Rotter) – 内在控制点（相信自己掌控生活）与外在控制点（命运、运气、他人）。高内在控制点有助于抵制从众和服从。

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2. Memory Glossary | 记忆词汇表

The AQA Memory topic spans models of memory, explanations for forgetting, and eyewitness testimony. Nail the precise terminology for capacity, coding, and duration to earn high marks on short-answer questions.

AQA 记忆主题涵盖记忆模型、遗忘的解释及目击者证词。准确把握容量、编码和持续时间的术语能帮你拿到简答题的高分。

Short-Term Memory (STM) – apacity (7 ± 2 items) and brief duration (about 18-30 seconds). Coding is mainly acoustic.

短时记忆 (STM) – 容量有限（7 ± 2 个项目）且持续时间短暂（约18-30秒）的临时存储。编码以声学为主。

Long-Term Memory (LTM) – Permanent memory store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration. Coding is largely semantic.

长时记忆 (LTM) – 容量和持续时间可视为无限的永久存储。编码以语义为主。

Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) – Describes memory as three sequential stores: sensory register, STM, and LTM. Information is transferred by attention and rehearsal. Memory aid: 'Sensory > Short > Long – pass it on!'

多存储模型 (Atkinson & Shiffrin) – 将记忆描述为三个序列存储：感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆。信息通过注意和复述传递。记忆：'感觉 → 短时 → 长时——传递下去！'

Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch) – Replaces the unitary STM with several components: Central Executive (controls attention), Phonological Loop (deals with auditory info), Visuospatial Sketchpad (visual and spatial info), and Episodic Buffer (integrates info, added later). Mnemonic: 'Clever Elephants Plan Very Special Events' (CE, PL, VSS, EB).

工作记忆模型 (Baddeley & Hitch) – 用多个成分取代单一短时记忆：中央执行器（控制注意）、语音回路（处理听觉信息）、视觉空间画板（视觉与空间信息）以及情景缓冲器（整合信息，后加入）。记忆术：'智慧的大象策划非常特别的活动' (CE, PL, VSS, EB)。

Types of LTM (Tulving) – Episodic (personal events), Semantic (facts and knowledge), Procedural (skills and actions). Mnemonic: 'Extra Sensory Perception' – ESP, or 'Every Student Passes'.

长时记忆类型 (Tulving) – 情景记忆（个人事件）、语义记忆（事实和知识）、程序性记忆（技能和动作）。记忆：'超感知觉' ESP，或'每个学生都通过'。

Proactive Interference – Old information disrupts recall of new information. Tip: Pro = forward (old blocks new).

前摄干扰 – 旧信息干扰新信息的回忆。技巧：前摄 = 往前（旧阻碍新）。

Retroactive Interference – New information disrupts recall of old information. Retro = backward (new blocks old).

倒摄干扰 – 新信息干扰旧信息的回忆。倒摄 = 往后（新阻碍旧）。

Misleading Information – Incorrect details given after an event that can distort eyewitness memory (e.g., leading questions, post-event discussion).

误导信息 – 事件后给出的不正确细节，可扭曲目击者记忆（如引导性问题、事后讨论）。

Cognitive Interview – A police interview technique designed to improve EWT accuracy: report everything, reinstate context, reverse order, change perspective.

认知访谈 – 为提高目击证词准确性而设计的警方访谈技术：报告一切、情境复归、逆向回忆、改变视角。

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3. Attachment Glossary | 依恋词汇表

Attachment covers caregiver-infant interactions, stages of attachment, animal studies, theories, and the influence of early attachment on later relationships. Mastering these terms will also help you evaluate studies and theories effectively.

依恋主题涵盖看护者与婴儿互动、依恋阶段、动物研究、理论及早期依恋对后期关系的影响。掌握这些术语也有助于你有效评价研究和理论。

Reciprocity – Caregiver and infant respond to each other's signals in a turn-taking, rhythmic way. Like a conversational dance.

互惠 – 看护者与婴儿以轮流、有节奏的方式回应彼此的信号。如同对话之舞。

Interactional Synchrony – Caregiver and infant mirror each other's actions and emotions simultaneously, as if synchronised.

互动同步 – 看护者与婴儿同时镜像对方的动作和情绪，宛如同步。

Schaffer's Stages of Attachment – Asocial (0-6 weeks), Indiscriminate (6 weeks – 7 months), Specific (7-9 months), Multiple (10 months+). Mnemonic: 'All Infants Smile More' – Asocial, Indiscriminate, Specific, Multiple.

Schaffer 依恋阶段 – 非社交期（0-6周）、无差别依恋期（6周-7月）、特定依恋期（7-9月）、多重依恋期（10月+）。记忆：'所有婴儿笑得更多' – 按首字母。

Imprinting (Lorenz) – Geese follow the first moving object they see after hatching, suggesting an innate, critical-period attachment process.

印刻 (Lorenz) – 小鹅跟随孵出后看到的第一个移动物体，提示这是一种天生的、关键期的依恋过程。

Contact Comfort (Harlow) – Baby rhesus monkeys preferred the soft cloth surrogate mother over the wire one with food, showing the importance of comfort over feeding.

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