📚 Memory Hacks for Year 12 AQA Biology Terminology | 12年级AQA生物词汇术语速记指南
Mastering terminology is half the battle in A-level Biology. This guide breaks down tricky terms into memorable chunks, using word roots, visual cues, and simple associations. Each term is explained in clear English, followed by a Chinese translation and a memory hack to lock it in. Let's turn biology jargon into a language you actually understand.
掌握术语是A-level生物学的关键一步。本指南将复杂词汇拆解成易记的模块，利用词根、形象提示和简单联想。每个术语先用清晰的英文解释，再给出中文翻译和记忆诀窍，帮你牢牢锁定知识点。让我们一起把生物学术语变成你真正理解的语言。
1. Cell Structure and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
Nucleus – the 'command centre' that stores DNA and controls cell activities. The word comes from Latin 'nux', meaning kernel. Think of it as the brain of the cell.
细胞核——储存DNA并控制细胞活动的“指挥中心”。该词源自拉丁语“nux”，意为核仁。可以记成细胞的“大脑”。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) – the powerhouses that produce ATP via respiration. The name fuses 'mitos' (thread) and 'chondrion' (granule). Visualise a thread‑like granule churning out energy packets.
线粒体——通过呼吸作用产生ATP的“动力工厂”。名称融合了“mitos”（线）和“chondrion”（颗粒）。联想成纺锤状颗粒在制造能量小包。
Ribosomes – tiny factories that synthesise proteins, built from rRNA and protein. 'Ribo-' refers to ribonucleic acid. Picture little 'ribo' beads stringing amino acids together.
核糖体——由rRNA和蛋白质组成的微小工厂，负责合成蛋白质。“Ribo-”指核糖核酸。想象一颗颗“核糖”小珠子把氨基酸串起来。
Golgi apparatus – the cell's packaging and shipping centre. It modifies proteins and lipids, then dispatches them in vesicles. Camillo Golgi discovered it; think of it as Golgi's 'go‑ship' station.
高尔基体——细胞的包装和配送中心。它能修饰蛋白质和脂质，然后用囊泡发送出去。卡米洛·高尔基发现了它，可记成高尔基的“包裹中转站”。
2. Biological Molecules: Monomers and Polymers | 生物分子：单体与聚合物
Monomer – a single repeating unit that can bond to form a polymer. 'Mono-' = one, 'mer' = part. Imagine one Lego brick.
单体——可以连接形成聚合物的单个重复单元。“Mono-”表示一，“mer”表示部分。把它想成一块乐高积木。
Polymer – a large molecule built from many monomers. 'Poly-' = many. A polymer is like a long chain of Lego bricks.
聚合物——由多个单体连接而成的大分子。“Poly-”表示多。聚合物就像一条由许多乐高积木组成的长链。
Condensation reaction – a bond‑forming process that releases a water molecule. Think of two monomers 'squeezing out' H₂O to join hands.
缩合反应——形成化学键并释放一个水分子的过程。想象两个单体“挤出”一个水分子来握手相连。
Hydrolysis – the opposite of condensation; breaking a bond by adding water. 'Hydro-' = water, 'lysis' = splitting. Water 'lyses' the bond.
水解——与缩合相反；通过添加水分断裂化学键。“Hydro-”表示水，“lysis”表示分解。水把键“分解”开了。
Glycosidic bond – the covalent link between two monosaccharides. Think 'glyco-' (sweet) + 'sidic' (link). The sweet bond holding sugars together.
糖苷键——连接两个单糖的共价键。可记成“糖”之间的“苷”系，像甜甜的扣子把糖分子串连起来。
3. Enzymes and Activation Energy | 酶与活化能
Active site – a specifically shaped region on an enzyme where the substrate fits. Like a lock waiting for the right key. Even a slight shape change blocks activity.
活性位点——酶分子上形状特定的区域，底物恰好能进入。就像一把锁等待正确的钥匙。哪怕形状稍有改变，活性就会丧失。
Substrate – the molecule an enzyme acts upon. The word suggests a 'sub‑layer' that the enzyme works on. Picture it as the key that enters the active site.
底物——酶所作用的分子。这个词暗示一种酶“底下”的物质。把它想象成插入活性位点的钥匙。
Enzyme‑substrate complex – the temporary structure when substrate binds to active site. It lowers activation energy. Imagine the key momentarily part of the lock before turning.
酶‑底物复合物——底物与活性位点结合形成的临时结构。它能降低活化能。想象钥匙在转动前暂时成为锁的一部分。
Activation energy – the minimum energy needed to start a reaction. Enzymes lower this 'energy hill'. Picture a catalyst bulldozing the hump.
活化能——启动反应所需的最低能量。酶能降低这座“能量小山”。想象催化剂把山头削平了。
Denaturation – permanent loss of enzyme shape due to heat or pH extremes, so substrate no longer fits. Think of melting a key so it can't open the lock.
变性——因高温或极端pH导致酶永久变形，底物不再匹配。就像把钥匙熔化了，再也打不开锁。
4. Cell Membranes and Transport | 细胞膜与运输
Phospholipid bilayer – the core of membranes, with hydrophilic heads pointing out and hydrophobic tails inwards. 'Phospho-' (phosphate) + 'lipid' (fat). This sea of fat separates the cell from its environment.
磷脂双分子层——膜的基本结构，亲水性头部朝外，疏水性尾部朝内。“磷”脂双层就像一片脂肪海洋，把细胞内外隔开。
Fluid mosaic model – escribes the membrane as a fluid bed of phospholipids with proteins bobbing like icebergs. 'Fluid' = moving; 'mosaic' = many pieces. Picture a moving mosaic of proteins in a fatty sea.
流动镶嵌模型——描述膜像流动的磷脂层，蛋白质如冰山漂浮。“流动”即可以运动，“镶嵌”指多种组分。想象脂肪海洋中漂移的拼贴画。
Diffusion – net movement of particles from high to low concentration, down a gradient, without energy. Think of perfume spreading in a room.
扩散——粒子顺浓度梯度从高浓度向低浓度的净移动，不耗能。想想香水在房间里弥漫。
Osmosis – ne. Water moves from a high water potential (less solute) to low water potential. Remember 'O for Osmosis = Only water'.
渗透——水分子通过半透膜的特殊扩散。水从高水势（溶质少）向低水势移动。记成“O代表Only water，只允许水通过”。
Active transport – pumping molecules against their concentration gradient using ATP. Imagine a turnstile that requires a coin (ATP) to push someone uphill.
主动运输——利用ATP逆浓度梯度泵送分子。想象一个需要投币（ATP）才能将人推上坡的闸机。
5. The Cell Cycle and Mitosis | 细胞周期与有丝分裂
Interphase – the period between divisions when DNA replicates and cell grows. It's not a phase of mitosis; think 'interval' phase.
分裂间期——分裂之间的时期，DNA复制且细胞生长。它不是有丝分裂的阶段；记成“间隔”期。
Prophase – chromosomes condense, spindle fibres form, nuclear envelope breaks down. 'Pro-' means before; the cell prepares for separation.
前期——染色体凝缩，纺锤体形成，核膜解体。“Pro-”表示前；细胞准备分离。
Metaphase – chromosomes line up at the cell equator. 'Meta-' means middle. Imagine chromosomes meeting in the middle for a picture.
中期——染色体排列在细胞赤道板上。“Meta-”表示中间。想象染色体在中间集合拍照。
Anaphase – sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. 'Ana-' means up or back; think of pulling 'away' from each other.
后期——姐妹染色单体被拉向两极。“Ana-”表示向上或向后；想象它们被“拽开”。
Telophase – new nuclear envelopes form around separated chromosomes. 'Telo-' means end. The finale of mitosis.
末期——分离的染色体周围形成新的核膜。“Telo-”表示末端；有丝分裂的终章。
6. Nucleic Acids and DNA Replication | 核酸与DNA复制
Nucleotide – the monomer of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. 'Nucleo-' refers to the nucleus, where DNA lives. Think of it as a three‑part code bead.
核苷酸——核酸的单体，由糖、磷酸和含氮碱基组成。“Nucleo-”指细胞核，DNA的居所。把它想成三部分组成的编码珠子。
Complementary base pairing – A pairs with T (or U in RNA), C with G, via hydrogen bonds. Like a jigsaw piece that only fits its partner.
互补碱基配对——A与T（或RNA中的U）配对，C与G配对，通过氢键连接。就像只与特定伙伴匹配的拼图块。
Semi‑conservative replication – each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand. 'Semi' = half, 'conservative' = keep old. Half old, half new.
半保留复制——每个新DNA分子含有一条原始链和一条新链。“半”保留：一半旧，一半新。
Helicase – the enzyme that unzips the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds. 'Helix' + 'ase' (enzyme). It literally unwinds the helix.
解旋酶——通过断裂氢键解开双螺旋的酶。“Helix”（螺旋）+“ase”（酶）。它真的把螺旋“旋转开”。
DNA polymerase – the builder enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand in the 5' to 3' direction. 'Polymerase' = makes polymer. It's the construction worker of replication.
DNA聚合酶——在5'→3'方向上将核苷酸添加到生长链上的构建酶。“Polymerase”意为制造聚合物。它就是复制的建筑工人。
7. Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation | 蛋白质合成：转录与翻译
Transcription – copying a gene's DNA into mRNA in the nucleus. The process literally 'transcribes' the code from one language (DNA) to another (RNA). Think of a scribe copying a scroll.
转录——在细胞核内将基因的DNA信息抄写到mRNA上。就像抄写员把卷轴上的代码转译成另一种语言。
Translation – ribosomes read the mRNA code and build a polypeptide chain. The code is 'translated' from nucleotides to amino acids. Picture a ribosome busily reading a tape and assembling a necklace.
翻译——核糖体读取mRNA密码并构建多肽链。密码从核苷酸“翻译”为氨基酸。想象核糖体像读书一样读取磁带并串起项链。
mRNA (messenger RNA) – carries the genetic message from DNA to the ribosome. 'Messenger' implies it delivers a note.
信使RNA——将遗传信息从DNA传递到核糖体。“信使”就是送信员。
tRNA (transfer RNA) – brings specific amino acids to the ribosome, with an anticodon matching the mRNA codon. 'Transfer' means it carries amino acids. Think of a taxi with a 3‑letter address (anticodon).
转运RNA——将特定氨基酸带到核糖体，其反密码子与mRNA密码子匹配。“转运”意味着它运送氨基酸。想象一辆带着3字母地址（反密码子）的出租车。
Codon – a triplet of mRNA bases that codes for one amino acid. Like a 3‑letter word in the genetic dictionary.
密码子——mRNA上三个碱基组成的单位，编码一个氨基酸。就像遗传字典里的3字母单词。
8. Mutations and Gene Expression | 突变与基因表达
Gene mutation – a change in the DNA base sequence. Can be substitution (one base swapped), deletion (removal) or insertion (addition). Think of a typo in a sentence.
基因突变——DNA碱基序列的改变。可能是替换、缺失或插入。想象一句话中打错了一个字母。
Frameshift mutation – insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame, altering every codon downstream. 'Frame' shifts – like deleting the first letter of 'the fat cat sat' to 'hef atc ats at...'
移码突变——插入或缺失导致阅读框移位，下游所有密码子被改变。“移码”就像删掉“the fat cat”的第一个字母，变成“hef atc at...”，完全乱套。
Transcription factor – proteins that bind to DNA promoter regions to switch genes on or off. They 'factor' into whether a gene is expressed.
转录因子——与DNA启动子区域结合以开启或关闭基因的蛋白质。它们是决定基因是否表达的“因子”。
Epigenetics – heritable changes in gene function without altering DNA sequence, often through methylation or histone modification. 'Epi-' means above; it's the layer above genetics. Like a dimmer switch on a light, not changing the bulb.
表观遗传学——在不改变DNA序列的情况下，可遗传的基因功能改变，常通过甲基化或组蛋白修饰实现。“Epi-”表示之上；这是遗传学之上的调控层。就像灯的调光器，不改灯泡但调节亮度。
9. Digestion and Absorption | 消化与吸收
Amylase – enzyme that hydrolyses starch into maltose. Produced in salivary glands and pancreas. 'Amyl-' means starch; -ase is enzyme. It's the starch‑splitting worker.
淀粉酶——将淀粉水解为麦芽糖的酶。由唾液腺和胰腺分泌。“Amyl-”就是淀粉；“-ase”酶。它是淀粉剪刀手。
Protease – digests proteins into amino acids. Examples: pepsin (stomach), trypsin (pancreas). 'Prote-' = protein. Like a protein‑chewing machine.
蛋白酶——把蛋白质消化成氨基酸的酶。如胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶。“Prote-”代表蛋白质。就像蛋白质粉碎机。
Lipase – ds into fatty acids and glycerol. Bile salts emulsify fats first, increasing surface area. 'Lip-' = fat. Picture lipase attacking tiny fat droplets.
脂肪酶——将脂质分解为脂肪酸和甘油。胆盐先乳化脂肪，增大表面积。“Lip-”代表脂肪。想象脂肪酶进攻细小的脂肪滴。
Micelles – tiny balls formed by bile salts, monoglycerides and fatty acids, which carry lipids to the epithelial cells. The word mimics 'small cells' in a microscopic form.
微胶粒——由胆盐、单甘油酯和脂肪酸形成的微小颗粒，将脂质运送到上皮细胞。名称暗示微生物大小的“小室”。
Villi and microvilli – finger‑like projections of the ileum wall, massively increasing surface area for absorption. 'Villus' means shaggy hair. Imagine a carpet of tiny fingers absorbing nutrients.
绒毛与微绒毛——回肠壁上的指状突起，极大地增加了吸收表面积。Villus本义就是蓬松的毛发。想象一地毯的手指在吸收营养。
10. Gas Exchange and the Circulatory System | 气体交换与循环系统
Alveoli – millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs; site of gas exchange. The wall is one cell thick. 'Alveolus' means a small cavity. Think 'alve‑O₂‑li' to remember oxygen enters here.
肺泡——肺里数百万个微小的气囊，气体交换的场所。壁仅一层细胞厚。Alveolus意为小腔洞。记成“alve-O₂-li”，氧就是从这里进入。
Haemoglobin – quaternary protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen. 'Haemo-' = blood, 'globin' = protein. It's the blood's oxygen taxi. One molecule carries four O₂.
血红蛋白——红细胞中的四级结构蛋白质，能结合氧。“Haemo-”表示血，“globin”表示蛋白。它是血液中的氧出租车，一个分子可运四个O₂。
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve – S‑ er affinity (e.g. fetal haemoglobin). Right shift = lower affinity (Bohr effect). Remember 'left loves O₂', 'right releases O₂'.
氧合血红蛋白解离曲线——S形曲线，显示不同氧分压下血红蛋白结合或释放氧的情况。左移表示亲和力升高（如胎儿血红蛋白）；右移表示亲和力降低（波尔效应）。记成“左爱氧，右放氧”。
Bohr effect – ve shifts right, releasing more oxygen to tissues. CO₂ lowers pH, so affinity drops. Think 'Bohr = More O₂ release when you're breathless'.
波尔效应——当CO₂增加（如运动时），曲线右移，为组织释放更多氧。CO₂降低pH，亲和力下降。记成“波尔＝气喘吁吁时更多氧释放”。
Arteries vs Veins – arteries carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygenated) with thick muscular walls; veins return blood (usually deoxygenated) and have valves. 'Artery' sounds like 'arterial highway away'. Veins have 'v' for valves and vacuum back.
动脉与静脉——动脉将血液带离心脏（通常含氧），管壁厚而有弹性；静脉将血液送回（通常脱氧），有瓣膜。动脉（Artery）记成“away”送出去；静脉（Veins）的V像“valve”阀门和“vacuum”吸回。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图