📚 Year 12 AQA Physics: Key Terminology Memory Guide | AQA 物理核心术语速记指南
Mastering the specific terminology is crucial for success in AQA Year 12 Physics. This guide covers the essential terms from mechanics, materials, waves, electricity, particles, and measurements, each paired with a memory hack to help you recall definitions quickly and accurately. Use these explanations to boost your exam confidence.
掌握专业术语是攻克 AQA 物理 Year 12 的关键。本指南涵盖力学、材料、波、电学、粒子和测量等核心术语，每个术语都配有记忆小技巧，帮助您快速、准确地回忆定义。利用这些解析提升你的考试信心。
1. Kinematics: Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration | 运动学：位移、速度与加速度
Displacement (s) – the vector distance of an object from the origin in a given direction. Memory hack: think of 'straight-line shortest' – it only cares about start and end, not the path.
位移 (s) – 物体相对于原点在给定方向上的矢量距离。记忆法：把 s 联想为“始末直连线”——只关乎起点和终点，不纠结路径。
Velocity (v) – nge of displacement; it is a vector and can be positive or negative. Formula: v = Δs / Δt.
速度 (v) – 位移的变化率；是矢量，可正可负。公式：v = Δs / Δt。记住 speed 是标量，velocity 有方向。
Acceleration (a) – Δv / Δt. Negative acceleration is often called deceleration or retardation. On a velocity–time graph, acceleration is the gradient.
加速度 (a) – 速度的变化率：a = Δv / Δt。负加速度常称减速度。在速度–时间图中，加速度对应切线斜率。
2. Forces & Newton's Laws | 力与牛顿定律
Newton's First Law – an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. Memory: 'Inertia keeps it lazy'.
牛顿第一定律 – 若无合力作用，物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。记忆：“惯性让它偷懒”。
Resultant Force (F) – rce that has the same effect as all the forces acting together. F = ma. Vector sum is key.
合力 (F) – 与所有作用力效果相同的单一力。F = ma。关键是矢量求和。
Weight (W) – = mg. Always acts towards the centre of the Earth. Distinguish from mass, which is scalar.
重量 (W) – 质量所受的重力：W = mg。方向恒指向地心。注意与标量质量区分。
Tension – the pulling force exerted by a string, cable or chain on an object. It is transmitted along the medium.
张力 – 绳、索或链对物体施加的拉力。力沿介质传递，大小相等。
3. Work, Energy & Power | 功、能和功率
Work Done (W) – the direction of the force: W = F d cos θ. Measured in joules (J). Work transfers energy.
功 (W) – 力与其方向上的位移的乘积：W = F d cos θ，单位焦耳 (J)。功是能量传递的量度。
Kinetic Energy (Eₖ) – ergy due to motion: Eₖ = ½ m v². Remember: double the speed quadruples the kinetic energy.
动能 (Eₖ) – 因运动而具有的能量：Eₖ = ½ m v²。速度加倍，动能为原来的四倍。
Gravitational Potential Energy (E₉) – energy due to height: ΔE₉ = mg Δh. Reference level matters.
重力势能 (E₉) – 因高度而具有的能量：ΔE₉ = mg Δh。注意参考面选取。
Power (P) – gy: P = W / t = E / t. Unit: watt (W). Also P = F v for constant velocity against a force.
功率 (P) – 做功或能量转移的速率：P = W / t。单位瓦特 (W)。匀速运动时 P = F v。
4. Materials: Stress, Strain & Young Modulus | 材料：应力、应变和杨氏模量
Stress (σ) – l area: σ = F / A. It measures how hard atoms are pulled apart. Unit: pascal (Pa). Memory: 'stress stretches the section'.
应力 (σ) – 单位横截面积上的力：σ = F / A。衡量原子被拉开的强度，单位帕斯卡 (Pa)。
Strain (ε) – th: ε = ΔL / L₀. It is dimensionless. Strain shows deformation relative to initial length.
应变 (ε) – 单位原长伸长量：ε = ΔL / L₀，无量纲。表示相对原长的变形程度。
Young Modulus (E) – e stress to tensile strain: E = σ / ε. It indicates material stiffness. Gradient of stress–strain graph in linear region.
杨氏模量 (E) – 拉伸应力与拉伸应变的比值：E = σ / ε。表征材料刚性。应力-应变曲线线性段的斜率。
5. Waves Basics: Wavelength, Frequency, Speed | 波的基本量：波长、频率和波速
Wavelength (λ) – the distance between two consecutive in-phase points on a wave. Measured in metres. For a transverse wave, crest to crest distance.
波长 (λ) – 波上两个同相相邻点间的距离，单位米。
Frequency (f) – umber of complete oscillations per second. Unit: hertz (Hz). f = 1 / T, where T is period.
频率 (f) – 每秒完整振动的次数，单位赫兹 (Hz)。f = 1 / T。
Wave Speed (v) – ve energy travels. v = f λ. For electromagnetic waves in vacuum, v = c = 3.00 x 10⁸ m s⁻¹.
波速 (v) – 波能量传播的快慢。v = f λ。真空中电磁波 v = c = 3.00 x 10⁸ m s⁻¹。
Period (T) – time for one complete oscillation. T = 1 / f.
周期 (T) – 完成一次全振动所需时间。T = 1 / f。
6. Wave Phenomena: Superposition & Interference | 波动现象：叠加与干涉
Superposition Principle – when two waves meet, the resultant displacement is the vector sum of the individual displacements. Memory: 'add the arrows'.
叠加原理 – 两列波相遇时，合位移为各分位移的矢量和。记忆：“箭头相加”。
Constructive Interference – urs when waves are in phase, crest meets crest, amplitude increases. Path difference = nλ.
相长干涉 – 波同相时发生，波峰遇波峰，振幅增大。路径差为 nλ。
Destructive Interference – e out of phase by 180°, crest meets trough, amplitude reduces. Path difference = (n + ½)λ.
相消干涉 – 相位差180°时，波峰遇波谷，振幅减小。路径差为 (n + ½)λ。
Diffraction – ves when passing through a gap or around an obstacle. Most significant when gap width ≈ λ.
衍射 – 波通过狭缝或绕过障碍物时的扩散现象，当缝宽约等于波长时最明显。
7. Electricity: Current, Voltage & Resistance | 电学：电流、电压与电阻
Current (I) – nit: ampere (A). Conventional current flows from positive to negative. Electron flow is opposite.
电流 (I) – 电荷流动的速率：I = ΔQ / Δt。单位安培 (A)。规定电流方向从正到负，电子流动方向相反。
Potential Difference (V) – he work done per unit charge to move charge between two points: V = W / Q. Unit: volt (V).
电势差（电压）(V) – 移动单位电荷所做的功：V = W / Q。单位伏特 (V)。
Resistance (R) – opposition to current: R = V / I. Unit: ohm (Ω). Ohm's law holds for ohmic conductors at constant temperature.
电阻 (R) – 对电流的阻碍作用：R = V / I。单位欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律
Published by TutorHao | Year 12 Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图