📚 Year 12 CAIE Physics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | CAIE 12年级物理公式定理速查手册
This handbook is designed for students studying the CAIE AS-Level Physics (9702) course. It provides a concise collection of the most important formulas, relationships, and theorems, along with brief explanations, to serve as a quick revision aid. All key equations are presented in a standardised format, and each section alternates between English and Chinese to support bilingual learners.
本手册专为学习CAIE AS-Level物理(9702)课程的学生设计。它简明地收集了最重要的公式、关系和定理，并附有简要解释，作为快速复习的辅助工具。所有关键方程都以标准化格式呈现，每个小节交替使用英文和中文，以支持双语学习者。
1. Physical Quantities, Units and Uncertainties | 物理量、单位与不确定度
Physics is built upon precise measurement. The SI system defines seven base quantities: length (metre, m), mass (kilogram, kg), time (second, s), electric current (ampere, A), temperature (kelvin, K), amount of substance (mole, mol), and luminous intensity (candela, cd). All other quantities are derived from these, such as velocity (m/s) and force (kg m s⁻²).
物理学建立在精确测量之上。国际单位制定义了七个基本量：长度(米, m)、质量(千克, kg)、时间(秒, s)、电流(安培, A)、温度(开尔文, K)、物质的量(摩尔, mol)和发光强度(坎德拉, cd)。所有其他物理量均由这些基本量导出，例如速度(米/秒)和力(千克·米/秒²)。
Common SI prefixes scale these units: giga (G, 10⁹), mega (M, 10⁶), kilo (k, 10³), centi (c, 10⁻²), milli (m, 10⁻³), micro (µ, 10⁻⁶), nano (n, 10⁻⁹), and pico (p, 10⁻¹²). Using prefixes simplifies numerical expressions.
常见SI词头对单位进行缩放：吉(G, 10⁹)、兆(M, 10⁶)、千(k, 10³)、厘(c, 10⁻²)、毫(m, 10⁻³)、微(µ, 10⁻⁶)、纳(n, 10⁻⁹)和皮(p, 10⁻¹²)。使用词头可简化数值表达。
standard deviation of repeated readings. Percentage uncertainty is given by (Δx / x) × 100%.
每次测量都带有不确定度。绝对不确定度Δx通常取最小刻度的一半或重复读数的标准偏差。百分比不确定度为 (Δx / x) × 100%。
When quantities are added or subtracted, absolute uncertainties add directly. For multiplication or division, percentage uncertainties add. If a quantity is raised to a power, its percentage uncertainty is multiplied by that power.
当量相加或相减时，绝对不确定度直接相加。对于乘法或除法，百分比不确定度相加。若一个量被乘方，其百分比不确定度要乘以该指数。
If Q = A + B or Q = A – B, then ΔQ = ΔA + ΔB
If Q = A × B or Q = A / B, then %ΔQ = %ΔA + %ΔB
If Q = Aⁿ, then %ΔQ = n × %ΔA
These rules allow you to estimate the final uncertainty in any derived quantity and are essential for practical work.
这些规则让你可以估算任何导出量的最终不确定度，对实验工作至关重要。
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