📚 Year 12 Edexcel PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering subject-specific vocabulary is essential for success in Edexcel Year 12 Physical Education. This guide covers key terms across all topic areas, with clear definitions and memory tips to help you embed them quickly. Use this as a companion to your revision to boost confidence in both written exams and practical evaluations.
掌握学科专业词汇对于 Edexcel 12 年级体育考试的成功至关重要。本指南涵盖所有主题领域的关键术语，附有清晰的定义和记忆技巧，助你快速掌握。请将其作为复习伴侣，提升你在笔试和实践评估中的信心。
1. Anatomical Terminology | 解剖学术语
Agonist: The muscle that contracts to produce movement at a joint; think 'Agonist' sounds like 'agony' of doing the work. Also called the prime mover. E.g., biceps brachii during elbow flexion.
主动肌 (Agonist)：在关节处收缩产生运动的肌肉；'Agonist' 听起来像 'agony'（痛苦），因为它在奋力工作。又称原动肌，例如肘关节屈曲时的肱二头肌。
Antagonist: The muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to work and opposes the movement. Remember: anti- means opposite. E.g., triceps brachii during elbow flexion.
拮抗肌 (Antagonist)：放松以使主动肌工作并对抗运动的肌肉。记住：anti- 意味着相反。例如肘关节屈曲时的肱三头肌。
Origin: Fixed point of muscle attachment on the stationary bone, usually proximal. A stationary anchor.
起点 (Origin)：肌肉附着在不动骨上的固定点，通常靠近身体近端，是静止的锚点。
Insertion: Point of muscle attachment on the moving bone, usually distal. Moves when muscle contracts.
止点 (Insertion)：肌肉附着在活动骨上的点，通常靠近身体远端，肌肉收缩时该点移动。
Isometric contraction: Muscle produces tension without changing length; no joint movement. E.g., planking. Think 'iso'-same, 'metric'-length.
等长收缩 (Isometric contraction)：肌肉产生张力但长度不变，无关节运动，如平板支撑。记住 'iso' 相同，'metric' 长度。
Isotonic contraction: Muscle changes length, producing movement. Includes concentric (muscle shortens) and eccentric (muscle lengthens).
等张收缩 (Isotonic contraction)：肌肉长度改变从而产生运动，分为向心收缩（肌肉缩短）和离心收缩（肌肉拉长）。
Synovial joint: A freely movable joint containing synovial fluid that reduces friction, such as knee or shoulder.
滑膜关节 (Synovial joint)：内含滑液以减少摩擦的可自由活动关节，如膝关节或肩关节。
2. Physiological Terminology | 生理学术语
VO₂ max: Maximum volume of oxygen the body can take in, transport and utilise per minute; the gold standard
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