📚 Year 12 Edexcel Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 12 Edexcel 音乐：公式定理速查手册
This handbook gathers the core musical rules, definitions, and patterns that every Year 12 Edexcel Music student needs at their fingertips. Treat each entry as a formula or theorem: memorise it, apply it in analysis, and use it to support your composing and performing decisions.
本手册汇总了每位 Year 12 Edexcel 音乐学生必须了然于胸的核心音乐规则、定义与模式。将每一条视作公式或定理：熟记、运用于分析，并用它们支撑你的作曲与演奏选择。
1. Interval Formulas | 音程公式
An interval is the distance between two pitches measured in semitones. Its quality can be perfect, major, minor, augmented, or diminished. The semitone count determines the interval name, as shown in the table below.
音程是两个音高之间以半音计量的距离。其性质可以是纯、大、小、增或减。半音数量决定音程名称，如下表所示。
| Interval Formula (English) | 音程公式 (中文) |
|---|
| Perfect unison = 0 semitones | 纯一度 = 0 半音 |
| Minor 2nd = 1 semitone | 小二度 = 1 半音 |
| Major 2nd = 2 semitones | 大二度 = 2 半音 |
| Minor 3rd = 3 semitones | 小三度 = 3 半音 |
| Major 3rd = 4 semitones | 大三度 = 4 半音 |
| Perfect 4th = 5 semitones | 纯四度 = 5 半音 |
| Augmented 4th / Diminished 5th (tritone) = 6 semitones | 增四度/减五度(三全音) = 6 半音 |
| Perfect 5th = 7 semitones | 纯五度 = 7 半音 |
| Minor 6th = 8 semitones | 小六度 = 8 半音 |
| Major 6th = 9 semitones | 大六度 = 9 半音 |
| Minor 7th = 10 semitones | 小七度 = 10 半音 |
| Major 7th = 11 semitones | 大七度 = 11 半音 |
| Perfect octave = 12 semitones | 纯八度 = 12 半音 |
2. Chord Construction & Inversion Rules | 和弦构建与转位规则
Triads are built by stacking two thirds above a root. The quality depends on the combination of major (4 semitones) and minor (3 semitones) thirds.
三和弦由根音上方叠加两个三度构成。其性质取决于大三度(4半音)和小三度(3半音)的组合。
Major triad: root + 4 semitones + 3 semitones
大三和弦：根音 + 4半音 + 3半音
Minor triad: root + 3 + 4
小三和弦：根音 + 3 + 4
Diminished triad: root + 3 + 3
减三和弦：根音 + 3 + 3
Augmented triad: root + 4 + 4
增三和弦：根音 + 4 + 4
Seventh chords add a third on top of the triad. The most common types follow formulas based on the triad quality and the interval of the seventh above the root.
七和弦在三和弦上方再叠加一个三度。常见类型基于三和弦性质及其与根音形成的七度音程来划分。
| Seventh Chord Formula (English) | 七和弦公式 (中文) |
|---|
| Major seventh: major triad + major 3rd (11 semitones from root) | 大七和弦：大三和弦 + 大三度（距离根音11半音） |
| Dominant seventh: major triad + minor 3rd (10 semitones from root) | 属七和弦：大三和弦 + 小三度（距离根音10半音） |
| Minor seventh: minor triad + minor 3rd (10 semitones) | 小七和弦：小三和弦 + 小三度（10半音） |
| Half-diminished seventh (m7♭5): diminished triad + major 3rd (10 semitones) | 半减七和弦：减三和弦 + 大三度（10半音） |
| Diminished seventh: diminished triad + minor 3rd (9 semitones) | 减七和弦：减三和弦 + 小三度（9半音） |
Inversions are defined by which chord member is the lowest note. The bass note governs the figured bass symbol and the inversion name.
转位由哪个和弦音作为最低音决定。低音决定了数字低音标记和转位名称。
| Inversion Rule (triad) | 转位规则（三和弦） |
|---|
| Root position: root in bass (5/3) | 原位：根音在低音部 |
| First inversion: 3rd in bass (6/3, usually called '6') | 第一转位：三音在低音 |
| Second inversion: 5th in bass (6/4) | 第二转位：五音在低音 |
| For seventh chords, add third inversion: 7th in bass (4/2) | 七和弦增加第三转位：七音在低音 |
3. Scale Patterns & Mode Formulas | 音阶模式与调式公式
= 1 semitone). The pattern of tones and semitones gives each scale its distinctive colour.
音阶由全音(T=2半音)和半音(S=1半音)的序列构成。全音与半音的模式赋予每种音阶独特的色彩。
Major scale: T – T – S – T – T – T – S
大调音阶：全 – 全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 全 – 半
Natural minor scale: T – S – T – T – S – T – T
自然小调音阶：全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 半 – 全 – 全
Harmonic minor scale: T – S – T – T – S – augmented 2nd (3 semitones) – S
和声小调音阶：全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 半 – 增二度(3半音) – 半
Melodic minor ascending: T – S – T – T – T – T – S (descending: natural minor)
旋律小调上行：全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 全 – 全 –
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