📚 Year 12 Cambridge Economics: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | 剑桥AS经济学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the core terminology is the first and most crucial step to excelling in your Year 12 Cambridge Economics course. This guide provides concise definitions, paired with bilingual explanations and mnemonic tricks, to help you memorise key vocabulary efficiently for both microeconomics and macroeconomics.
掌握核心术语是在Year 12剑桥经济学课程中取得优异成绩的第一步，也是最关键的一步。本指南提供简洁的定义、中英双语解释以及记忆技巧，帮助你高效记忆微观经济学和宏观经济学的关键词汇。
1. Basic Economic Concepts | 基本经济概念
Scarcity refers to the fundamental condition where limited resources cannot satisfy all human wants.
稀缺性指资源有限而人类欲望无限的根本状况。记忆：稀缺就像限量版球鞋，永远供不应求。
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made.
机会成本是做出一项选择时所放弃的次优替代品的价值。速记：每一次 "Yes" 背后都藏着一个 "No" 的成本。
Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods: land, labour, capital, and enterprise.
生产要素是用于生产商品的投入：土地、劳动力、资本和企业才能。缩写为 C-E-L-L 可助记，注意资本与企业的顺序。
Positive statements can be tested as true or false, while normative statements involve value judgments.
实证陈述可以检验真伪；规范陈述包含价值判断。记忆：实证的 "实" 对应事实，规范的 "范" 对应价值判断。
2. Production Possibility Curve | 生产可能性曲线
Production Possibility Curve (PPC) shows the maximum combinations of two goods an economy can produce with full employment of resources.
生产可能性曲线 (PPC) 显示一个经济体在资源充分利用时能生产的两种商品的最大组合。想象一条弧形边界，曲线上的点代表最大产出。
Productive efficiency is achieved when goods are produced at the lowest possible cost (any point on the PPC).
生产效率发生在以最低成本生产时，即位于 PPC 上的任何一点。记法：On the curve = efficient。
Allocative efficiency occurs when resources are distributed to match consumer preferences, maximising social welfare.
配置效率出现在资源分配符合消费者偏好时，社会福利达到最大。记忆：Allocative 就是让 "分配" 最合意。
Economic growth is represented by an outward shift of the PPC, caused by more resources or better technology.
经济增长表现为 PPC 向外移动，原因是资源增加或技术进步。增长 = 曲线向外推。
3. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
Law of Demand: as price falls, quantity demanded rises, ceteris paribus.
需求法则：价格下降，需求量上升，其他条件不变。图形表现为向下倾斜的曲线。
Law of Supply: as price rises, quantity supplied rises, ceteris paribus.
供给法则：价格上升，供给量上升。供给曲线向上倾斜。
Determinants of demand (shift factors) can be remembered as T-I-P-E-S: Taste, Income, Price of related goods, Expectations, Size and composition of the market.
需求的决定因素（移动因素）可用 "TIPS E" 记忆：偏好 (Taste)、收入 (Income)、相关品价格 (Price)、预期 (Expectations)、市场规模 (Size)。
Determinants of supply include Productivity, Indirect taxes and subsidies, Number of firms, Technology, Costs of production - abbreviated as PINTS plus costs.
供给的决定因素可用 "PINTS" 缩写：生产力、间接税与补贴、企业数量、技术、生产成本。
4. Elasticities | 弹性
Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) = %ΔQd / %. If PED > 1, demand is elastic; < 1, inelastic; = 1, unit elastic. Ignore the minus sign.
需求价格弹性 (PED) = 需求量变动百分比 ÷ 价格变动百分比。|PED| > 1 富有弹性；< 1 缺乏弹性；= 1 单位弹性。忽略负号。
Income Elasticity of Demand (YED) = %ΔQd / %ΔIncome. Positive for normal goods, negative for inferior goods.
需求收入弹性 (YED) = 需求量变动% ÷ 收入变动%。正值为正常品，负值为劣等品。收入升，正常品多买，劣等品少买。
Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) = %ΔQd of A / %ΔP of B. Positive for substitutes, negative for complements.
需求交叉弹性 (XED) = A商品需求量% ÷ B商品价格%。替代品为正，互补品为负。XED > 0 代表商品可互换。
Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) = %ΔQs / %ΔP. Key influences: time period, spare capacity, stock levels.
供给价格弹性 (PES) = 供给量% ÷ 价格%。关键影响因素：时间长度、闲置产能、库存水平。短期通常较缺乏弹性。
5. Market Equilibrium and the Price Mechanism | 市场均衡与价格机制
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied (D = S).
市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量 (D=S) 时。均衡点是两条曲线的交点。
Excess demand (shortage) exists when the price is below equilibrium, putting upward pressure on price.
超额需求（短缺）出现在价格低于均衡时，推动价格上升。买多卖少。
Excess supply (surplus) occurs when the price is above equilibrium, putting downward pressure on price.
超额供给（过剩）发生在价格高于均衡时，推动价格下降。卖多买少。
The price mechanism has three functions: signalling, incentive, and rationing.
价格机制有三个功能：信号、激励和配给。缩写 "SIR" (Signalling, Incentive, Rationing)。
6. Consumer and Producer Surplus | 消费者与生产者剩余
Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay and what they actually pay. It is the area below the demand curve but above the market price.
消费者剩余是消费者愿意支付的最高价格与实际支付价格之差，在图上表现为需求曲线之下、价格之上的面积。感觉 "赚了" 的部分。
Producer surplus is the difference between the market price producers receive and the minimum price they are willing to accept. It is the area above the
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