📚 Year 12 Edexcel Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memory Guide | 心理学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology in Year 12 Edexcel Psychology is not just about passing exams – it is about thinking like a psychologist. This guide transforms abstract terms into sticky, memorable cues using acronyms, vivid imagery, and stories. Whether you are grappling with research variables, agentic states, or the details of working memory, the following pages provide a structured and enjoyable way to lock in the language of the subject.
掌握Edexcel 12年级心理学中的精确术语不仅是为了通过考试，更是为了像心理学家一样思考。本指南通过首字母缩略词、生动的图像和故事，将抽象术语转化为难忘的提示。无论你是在纠结研究变量、代理状态还是工作记忆的细节，以下内容都将以结构化且有趣的方式帮你牢牢锁定这门学科的语言。
1. Research Methods and Key Concepts | 研究方法与关键概念
The independent variable (IV) is the factor you manipulate, and the dependent variable (DV) is the outcome you measure. To keep them straight, say: "I Change, D Measure." Every time you design a study, IV is what you alter and DV is the result you record.
自变量（IV）是你操纵的因素，因变量（DV）是你测量的结果。为了不混淆，可以这样记：“我改，你测”。每当你设计研究时，IV就是你改变的东西，DV就是你记录的结果。
ovary with the IV, making it impossible to separate true cause and effect. Think: Confounding = Confusing causation. An extraneous variable might be a distraction in the room; a confounding variable is one that systematically changes along with the IV.
额外变量是任何可能影响因变量但不受控制的额外因素，而混淆变量是确实影响因变量并与自变量共同变化的因素，导致无法区分真正的因果关系。记忆：混淆 = 混淆因果。额外变量可能是房间里的一次干扰；混淆变量则是随自变量系统性变化的因素。
Operationalisation means defining variables in a way that they can be clearly measured or manipulated. For example, "aggression" could be operationalised as the number of times a participant hits a bobo doll. The mnemonic here: "Make it Operate" – you turn a fuzzy concept into something that actually works in the research.
操作化是指以能够明确测量或操纵的方式定义变量。例如，”攻击性“可操作化为参与者击打不倒翁的次数。记忆方法：“让它运转起来”——你把一个模糊的概念变成了研究中真正可操作的东西。
When choosing an experimental design, you face three options: independent groups, repeated measures, and matched pairs. Remember their trade-offs with "IRM Issues". Independent groups avoid order effects but risk participant variables; Repeated measures control participant variables but suffer order effects; Matched pairs reduce both problems but are time-consuming. The initials I, R, M also remind you to check the Issues of each.
在选择实验设计时，你会面对三种选择：独立组、重复测量和匹配对。记住它们的权衡：“IRM问题”。独立组避免顺序效应但存在参与者变量风险；重复测量控制了参与者变量但受顺序效应影响；匹配对减少了两类问题但耗时。首字母I、R、M也提醒你检查每种设计的问题。
2. Social Psychology Terminology | 社会心理学术语
Kelman (1958) identified three types of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalisation. They range from shallow to deep. Use the chain "C I I" – Compliance Is Identifying Internalisation. Compliance is public change only, identification involves changing to fit a valued group, and
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